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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Singapore General Hospital | OTHER |
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This study aims to investigate whether channeling purposefully structured resources to patients at high risk of developing diabetic complications to interdisciplinary team clinic consultations, interspersed with closer remote follow-up and aided by simple technology will be more effective than usual care in controlling diabetes mellitus, controlling multiple cardiovascular risk factors and reducing clinical event rates.
The prevalence of diabetes in Singapore is estimated to grow from 400,000 to 670,000 by 2030 and an alarming one million by 2050 with the continuing rise in obesity prevalence. The current system currently has no formal stratification of patients for channelling of structured resources to patients that require more intensive treatment and follow-up (those at higher risk of progressing to having complications from diabetes due to poor glycemic control, or those who have signs of early complications).
We will therefore be researching effective health system delivery strategies to improve achievement of treatment targets (eg. HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL) and reduce vascular complications of diabetes mellitus (retinopathy, proteinuria, end stage renal disease, ischemic heart disease). These include:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Care | No Intervention | Patients randomized to the standard care group will receive usual care, which consists of clinic visits 4 monthly for review of BP, HbA1c and other investigations, and titration of medications;counseling with the diabetes nurse educator (DNE), and provision of educational materials on diabetes. | |
| Intensive | Experimental | Patient randomized to the intensive group will receive additional counselling and education by the DNE, medical social worker (MSW) on self-care and coping strategies for diabetes, and see the renal pharmacist for more intensive titration of antihypertensive medication between doctor visits. They will also be loaned blood pressure monitors and glucometers with test strips to perform self-monitoring at home in between outpatient visits. Smartphone and online technologies will be utilized to improve remote monitoring, education and self-care. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensive | Behavioral | Patients are provided with a BP machine, glucometer and test strips, and instructed how to use either a written or smartphone logbook, photograph their meals and use smartphone apps to measure daily activity. DNEs will contact patients in between visits to reinforce adherence and self-monitoring. MSWs will conduct at least 6 face-to-face sessions, at 3 weeks then less frequently, on essential self-care behaviours in people with diabetes: healthy eating; being physically active; monitoring of blood sugar; compliance with medications; problem-solving; healthy coping skills; and risk-reduction behaviour. Renal pharmacists will see patients at 2-4 week intervals for 3 months after the first clinic visit, and subsequently every 3-6 months. They will review patient's compliance, laboratory results and home BP, educate patient and titrate antihypertensives to meet BP goal. Physician referrals will be made for severe hypertension or hypotension, or intolerable side effects. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Composite primary endpoint | Composite of Incidence of all diabetes-related endpoints including:
| 3 years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Composite secondary endpoint | Proportions of patients with improved control of risk factors defined as: a) 2 or more of the 'ABC' targets: i) HbA1c<7% ii) BP<130/80 mmHg iii) LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L b) and/or c) 2 of the following changes in risk factor control: i) at least 0.5% reduction in HbA1c ii) at least 5 mmHg reduction in systolic BP iii) at least 0.5 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C iv) at least 3% reduction in body weight |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ann Cheung | Contact | +6568502691 | ann.cheung.n.s@singhealth.com.sg | |
| Nur Shameerah Abdul Halim | Contact | +6568501902 | nur_shameerah@cgh.com.sg |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Joan Khoo, FRCP | joan.khoo.j.c@singhealth.com.sg | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Changi General Hospital | Recruiting | Singapore | 529889 | Singapore |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25452860 | Background | Phan TP, Alkema L, Tai ES, Tan KH, Yang Q, Lim WY, Teo YY, Cheng CY, Wang X, Wong TY, Chia KS, Cook AR. Forecasting the burden of type 2 diabetes in Singapore using a demographic epidemiological model of Singapore. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014 Jun 11;2(1):e000012. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2013-000012. eCollection 2014. | |
| 25023250 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D003928 | Diabetic Nephropathies |
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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|
| 3 years |
| Shaw RJ, McDuffie JR, Hendrix CC, Edie A, Lindsey-Davis L, Nagi A, Kosinski AS, Williams JW Jr. Effects of nurse-managed protocols in the outpatient management of adults with chronic conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jul 15;161(2):113-21. doi: 10.7326/M13-2567. |
| 19033410 | Background | Chan JC, Gagliardino JJ, Baik SH, Chantelot JM, Ferreira SR, Hancu N, Ilkova H, Ramachandran A, Aschner P; IDMPS Investigators. Multifaceted determinants for achieving glycemic control: the International Diabetes Management Practice Study (IDMPS). Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):227-33. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0435. Epub 2008 Nov 25. |
| 27531506 | Background | Gaede P, Oellgaard J, Carstensen B, Rossing P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Years of life gained by multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: 21 years follow-up on the Steno-2 randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2016 Nov;59(11):2298-2307. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4065-6. Epub 2016 Aug 16. |
| 39171639 | Derived | Cashmore BA, Cooper TE, Evangelidis NM, Green SC, Lopez-Vargas P, Tunnicliffe DJ. Education programmes for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Aug 22;8(8):CD007374. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007374.pub3. |
| 31477163 | Derived | Tan E, Khoo J, Gani LU, Malakar RD, Tay TL, Tirukonda PS, Kam JW, Tin AS, Tang TY. Effect of multidisciplinary intensive targeted care in improving diabetes mellitus outcomes: a randomized controlled pilot study - the Integrated Diabetes Education, Awareness and Lifestyle modification in Singapore (IDEALS) Program. Trials. 2019 Sep 2;20(1):549. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3601-3. |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |