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Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), SF-12 Health Survey, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), Global Rating of Change Scale and Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) are important and widely used validated patient self-reported measures commonly used in clinical trials and health research involving patients with low back pain (LBP). However, to date, validated Hausa versions of these tools are unavailable for use despite not only Hausa language is commonly spoken in Nigeria but in other parts of the world.
The purpose of this study is to perform, using evidence-based guidelines, translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the ODI, NPRS, RMDQ, SF-12 health survey, FABQ, PCS, GROC and BBQ into Hausa language among patients with LBP in Northern Nigeria.
This study will test the psychometric properties (i.e validity; reliability, and ceiling effect) of the ODI-H, NPRS, RMDQ-H, SF-12-H, FABQ-H, PCS-H, GROC and BBQ-H in Hausa-speaking patients with LBP. Rural and urban participants with LBP will be recruited purposively. Copies of the translated Hausa versions of the NPRS, ODI, RMDQ, SF-12, FABQ, PCS, BBQ as well as VAS for pain and disability will be self or interviewer-administered. Lumbopelvic mobility using finger-floor distance test (FFD) will be also measured. The Hausa versions of the ODI, NPRS, RMDQ, SF-12, FABQ, PCS, GROC and BBQ will be administered again a week after.
Data will be analysed using descriptive, correlation, and factorial analysis on IBM SPSS (version 23.0) at alpha level of 0.05.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Application of the initial evaluation | Behavioral | Initial evaluation involves the application of Hausa ODI, NPRS, RMDQ, SF-12, PCS, GROC, BBQ, VAS for pain and disability, and FFD. | ||
| Final application of instruments | Behavioral | Application of the Hausa versions of ODI, NPRS, RMDQ, SF-12, PCS, GROC and BBQ one week after initial evaluation |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in functional disability | Functional disability will be measured by the Hausa Oswestry disability index (ODI-H). The questionnaire consists of 10 items with each item having six statements. All scores are summed, then multiplied by two to obtain the index (range 0 to 100) with higher score indicating greater disability. | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in pain intensity | Pain intensity will be measured by the Hausa Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS-H). The score ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating "No Pain" and 10 "Worst Imaginable Pain". | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in functional disability | Functional disability will be measured by the Hausa Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ-H). The score ranges from 0 to 24, with 0 indicating no disability and 24 maximum disability. | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in quality of life | Quality of life will be measured using the Hausa SF-12 Health Hurvey (SF-12-H). The questionnaire consists of 12 items questioned weighted and summed to provide physical and mental health scores (PCS and MCS). The two composite scores are computed using the scores on twelve questions that range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating better health. | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in fear-avoidance beliefs | Fear-avoidance beliefs will be measured by the Hausa fear avoidance beliefs | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in pain catastrophization | Pain catastrophization will be measured by the Hausa Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-H). The scale consists of 13 items rated on 5-point ordinal scale (0-5).The total score ranges from 0-52 with higher score indicating more catastrophic thoughts. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain Intensity | Pain Intensity will be measured by 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-P), in which 0 represents "no pain" and 10 represents "worst pain imaginable". | Baseline only |
| Change in disability |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults with CLBP attending either rural or urban physiotherapy clinics in Kano State, Northern Nigeria.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Wudil General Hospital, Rano General Hospital, Kura General Hospital, and Dawakin-Kudu General Hospital | Kano | 700 | Nigeria |
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| Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in back beliefs | Back pain beliefs will be evaluated by the Hausa Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ-H). The questionnaire consists of 14 items with 9 items ranked on a 5 point scale and used to calculate a final score from 9 to 45. Higher scores are indicative of better LBP beliefs and indicate the potential of a better ability to cope with LBP. | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
| Change in perceived recovery | Perceived recovery will be evaluated by the Hausa Global Rating Change of Scale (GROC-H). The scale is an 11-point scale ranging from -5 to +5 with a mid-point (0) representing " no change", a left anchor (-5) representing "Very much Worse" and a right anchor (+5) representing "Completely Recovered". | Baseline and 1 week after baseline |
Disability will be measured by 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-D), in which 0 represents "no disability" and 10 represents "severe disability".
| Baseline only |
| Change in mobility of the spine and pelvis | The finger-floor distance test (FFD) measures mobility of both the whole spine and the pelvis in the overall motion of bending forward. | Baseline only |