Measure is a 12-item measure on a 4 - point scale measuring general family functioning. Items are averaged (range 1 to 4), with higher scores reflecting impaired family functioning. The FAD has high Cronbach's alpha (.86), and split-half reliability (.83) (Byles, et al., 1988). Consistency between responses to the 12-item FAD, and related family variables provides validity evidence.

Measure is a 35-item measure on a 3-point scale assessing parents' impressions of their child's psychosocial functioning. Scores range from 0 to 70, with higher scores reflecting greater psychosocial problems and impairment. The PSC converges with the Child Behavior Checklist, an established self-report measures of child psychosocial difficulties (Jellinek et al., 1986).

Parental discipline practices were measured with the laxness and hostility subscales of the Parenting Scale (PS; Arnold et al., 1993). Scores are averaged with higher scores reflecting more dysfunctional parenting practices. Items are anchored by one effective and one ineffective discipline strategy rated on a 1 to 7 scale. The laxness scale is comprised of 11 items measuring permissive, inconsistent discipline e.g. "If my child gets upset when I say 'no': I back down and give in to my child (1)… I stick to what I said (7)." The overreactivity scale measures use of emotional, harsh discipline such as "When my child misbehaves I spank, slap, grab, or hit my child... never or rarely (1) …. most of the time (7)." Adequate internal consistency and reliability have been demonstrated, and the scale correlates well with observational measures of dysfunctional discipline and child misbehavior (Arnold et al. 1993).

Measure is a 21-item measure on a 4-point scale assessing depression symptom severity. Scores range from 0 to 63 with higher scores reflecting increased endorsement of depressive symptoms. The BDI-II has high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability (.94), and correlates highly with other interview-based measures of depression (Sprinkle et al., 2002).

Measure is a 20-item measure on a 5-point scale assessing PTSD symptom severity. Scores range from 0 to 80 with higher scores reflecting increased endorsement of PTSD symptoms. The measure has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity (Blevins, et al., 2015). The PCL-5 is as sensitive to clinical change that occurs between pre-and post- treatment as golden standard interview-based measures of PTSD symptoms (Worthmann et al., 2016).

Parental discipline practices were measured with the laxness and hostility subscales of the Parenting Scale (PS; Arnold et al., 1993). Scores are averaged with higher scores reflecting more dysfunctional parenting practices. Items are anchored by one effective and one ineffective discipline strategy rated on a 1 to 7 scale. The laxness scale is comprised of 11 items measuring permissive, inconsistent discipline e.g. "If my child gets upset when I say 'no': I back down and give in to my child (1)… I stick to what I said (7)." The overreactivity scale measures use of emotional, harsh discipline such as "When my child misbehaves I spank, slap, grab, or hit my child... never or rarely (1) …. most of the time (7)." Adequate internal consistency and reliability have been demonstrated, and the scale correlates well with observational measures of dysfunctional discipline and child misbehavior (Arnold et al. 1993).

Total of all reporting groups

Measure was designed for this study and administered after each session to assess satisfaction with session components, overall session content, and homework. Sample questions include "The group exercise on child attachment was useful in understanding my child's behavior" and "The number of take home practice assignments is reasonable". Items are scored on a 9-point scale and averaged (range 0 - 8) with higher scores representing greater treatment satisfaction. Additional qualitative feedback was obtained using open-ended questions.

Only participants in the pilot completed this measure

Measure was administered after first and last session to assess participants perspectives on whether the intervention was logical and their expectations for the success of the intervention. There are 4 items scored on an 8-point scale (range 0-32), with higher scores representing greater credibility, and a reported mean score of 24.96 in standardization samples. Although CEQ session ratings were used to guide manual revisions, only CEQ scores at pre and post-treatment were evaluated for this report. The CEQ has high internal consistency and test-re-test reliability (Devilly & Borkovec, 2000).

Those in the pilot completed this measure.

Measure has 120 items scored on a 5-point scale, yielding a parent domain score, a child domain scale measuring stress related to parent and child characteristics respectively. These scale scores are combined (Summed) to yield a parenting stress index total score with higher scores reflecting greater stress. The PSI has high reliability coefficients, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. The measure has been validated for use in various populations (Abidin, 2012). The range for the total score is 20-100.

Open trial subjects

Measure is a 12-item measure on a 4 - point scale measuring general family functioning. Items are averaged (range 1 to 4), with higher scores reflecting impaired family functioning. The FAD has high Cronbach's alpha (.86), and split-half reliability (.83) (Byles, et al., 1988). Consistency between responses to the 12-item FAD, and related family variables provides validity evidence.

open trial outcomes

Measure is a 35-item measure on a 3-point scale assessing parents' impressions of their child's psychosocial functioning. Scores range from 0 to 70, with higher scores reflecting greater psychosocial problems and impairment. The PSC converges with the Child Behavior Checklist, an established self-report measures of child psychosocial difficulties (Jellinek et al., 1986).

open trial subjects

Parental discipline practices were measured with the laxness and hostility subscales of the Parenting Scale (PS; Arnold et al., 1993). Scores are averaged with higher scores reflecting more dysfunctional parenting practices. Items are anchored by one effective and one ineffective discipline strategy rated on a 1 to 7 scale. The laxness scale is comprised of 11 items measuring permissive, inconsistent discipline e.g. "If my child gets upset when I say 'no': I back down and give in to my child (1)… I stick to what I said (7)." The overreactivity scale measures use of emotional, harsh discipline such as "When my child misbehaves I spank, slap, grab, or hit my child... never or rarely (1) …. most of the time (7)." Adequate internal consistency and reliability have been demonstrated, and the scale correlates well with observational measures of dysfunctional discipline and child misbehavior (Arnold et al. 1993).

open trial subjects

Measure is a 21-item measure on a 4-point scale assessing depression symptom severity. Scores range from 0 to 63 with higher scores reflecting increased endorsement of depressive symptoms. The BDI-II has high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability (.94), and correlates highly with other interview-based measures of depression (Sprinkle et al., 2002).

open trial subjects

Measure is a 20-item measure on a 5-point scale assessing PTSD symptom severity. Scores range from 0 to 80 with higher scores reflecting increased endorsement of PTSD symptoms. The measure has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity (Blevins, et al., 2015). The PCL-5 is as sensitive to clinical change that occurs between pre-and post- treatment as golden standard interview-based measures of PTSD symptoms (Worthmann et al., 2016).

open trial subjects

Parental discipline practices were measured with the laxness and hostility subscales of the Parenting Scale (PS; Arnold et al., 1993). Scores are averaged with higher scores reflecting more dysfunctional parenting practices. Items are anchored by one effective and one ineffective discipline strategy rated on a 1 to 7 scale. The laxness scale is comprised of 11 items measuring permissive, inconsistent discipline e.g. "If my child gets upset when I say 'no': I back down and give in to my child (1)… I stick to what I said (7)." The overreactivity scale measures use of emotional, harsh discipline such as "When my child misbehaves I spank, slap, grab, or hit my child... never or rarely (1) …. most of the time (7)." Adequate internal consistency and reliability have been demonstrated, and the scale correlates well with observational measures of dysfunctional discipline and child misbehavior (Arnold et al. 1993).

All Participants will complete the 8-week parenting support intervention and will provide satisfaction and acceptability ratings of the intervention. In the pilot trial, participants will make these ratings after each session, in the open trial the ratings will be made pre and post intervention.