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This research study plans to learn more about the role of female sex hormones on adipose tissue (or fat) and the gut microbiome (or the organisms that are in your digestive tract). The rationale for this study is that the rate at which women gain fat (especially in the stomach region) increases after menopause. It is thought to be due to the loss of estrogen because post-menopausal women who take estrogen gain less weight than those who do not take estrogen. Gut bacteria process estrogen and help determine the types of estrogen that circulate in the body. These bacteria can be changed with lifestyle factors such as diet, and may therefore, also affect the risk of diseases that are more common in women after menopause i.e., cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this study the investigators will obtain fat biopsies before and after 6 months of ovarian hormone suppression to measure how the fat cells change with the loss of female sex hormones (e.g., medical menopause). The investigators will also obtain stool and urine samples before and every month during the study to measure changes in the microbiome.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| GnRHag | Experimental | Participants will undergo 6 months of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHag) therapy (intramuscular injection of leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg for depot suspension; Lupron; TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.; Lake Forest, IL) to chronically suppress ovarian hormones. A single injection of leuprolide acetate produces an initial stimulation (for up to 3 wk) followed by a prolonged suppression of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones. Repeated monthly dosing suppresses ovarian hormone secretion. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GnRHag | Other | Ovarian Hormone Suppression - the purpose of the intervention is not to study the drug, but the impact of the loss of ovarian hormones. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Accumulation of Myeloid Cells | Quantification of accumulation of myeloid cells in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of women before and after gonadal hormone suppression as assessed by CD45+/CD14+ staining via flow cytometry of isolated adipose stroma. | 8 months after enrollment of last participant |
| Progenitor proliferation and adipogenic potential | Progenitor proliferation measured by BrdU and adipogenic potential as measured by Oil Red-O staining with quantification by absorbance. Adipocyte specific gene/protein expression will be measured to confirm adipocyte status. | 1 year after completion of last participant |
| Gut microbial diversity | Comparison of gut microbial diversity before and after gonadal hormone suppression at monthly intervals as assessed by sequencing of the V4 region of 16s rRNA | 1 year after completion of last participant |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| In Vitro Metabolic Phenotyping | in vitro measurement of lipid and glucose uptake, insulin and adrenergic sensitivity, and mitochondrial content. | 2 years after completion of last participant |
| β-glucuronidase activity |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Must be biological female. This study is investigating ovarian hormone suppression.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kathleen M Gavin, PhD | University of Colorado, Denver | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus | Aurora | Colorado | 80045 | United States |
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analysis of β-glucuronidase activity in fecal samples from premenopausal women under gonadal hormone suppression therapy via a 96-well assay. This will serve as a direct measure of fecal capacity for estrogen metabolism.
| 2 years after completion of last participant |
| Estrogen parent: metabolite ratios | comparison of estrogen parent: metabolite ratios in relation to changes in bacterial diversity and enzyme activity. We will use UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics. | 2 years after completion of last participant |