This will be a validation study of Quantose IR and Quantose IGT to predict insulin resistance and identify patients with prediabetes. This is a pilot study of 100 subjects. Based on the results of this initial trial, investigators plan to perform a larger trial at UTMB.

Quantose IR is a fasting blood test for insulin resistance and prediabetes, and is clinically validated in non-pregnant individuals. The Quantose IR Score is based on three novel nonglycemic biomarkers, as well as insulin, and provides a comprehensive measure of insulin resistance. These analytes include:

• α-HB (α-hydroxybutyrate): positively correlated with insulin resistance and indicative of early β-cell dysfunction.
• L-GPC (linoleoyl-glycerophosphocholine): negatively correlated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance.
• Oleic Acid: positively correlated with increasing lipolysis and insulin resistance.
• Insulin: increased insulin is characteristic of insulin resistance and is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Quantose IGT is designed to estimate the risk of being IGT. It is calculated from a multiple logistic regression model based on the fasting plasma levels of:

• Glucose.
• α-HB.
• β-HB.
• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.
• LGPC.
• Oleic acid.
• Serine.
• Vitamin B5. Participants in the study will be consenting to data collection and two visits for lab draw. The investigators will then evaluate the performance of the Quantose IR and Quantose IGT in the study population.

This is a prospective cohort non-interventional study. Subjects will be identified during the time of a prenatal visit at one of the UTMB clinics. All necessary institutional and regulatory approval will be obtained prior to enrolling any candidates for this study.

Potential subjects that are not patients of the investigator or patients of the study team members, they will not be contacted by study staff unless they have been informed of the study by their medical provider and express an interest in receiving more information on the study or wish to enroll in the study. Under the direction of the PI, trained research staff will be available in the UTMB prenatal care clinics to screen and consent subjects according to study protocol. The Perinatal Research Division (PRD) has staff based in the UTMB Maternal Health (OB) clinics. These research staff members will screen the charts and electronic medical records of prenatal patients receiving care in the OB clinics. In order to contact potential study participants, the HIPAA waiver is submitted.

In addition, the OB clinic staff will be in serviced on the study and encouraged to refer potential subjects to the PRD staff. Other than the blood samples for this study, the management of pregnancy and delivery will be according to the standard of care at UTMB and will be up to the clinical provider.

Blood samples will be collected during 2 windows, early window (gestational age 10 0/7 to 13 6/7 weeks) and late window (gestational age 24 0/7 to 28 0/7 weeks) and stored at -800C in our perinatal research division. An aliquot will be sent to Metabolon to run the Quantose IR and Quantose IGT. The laboratory and the investigators will be blinded to the outcomes of the patient.

Testing using Quantose IR and Quantose IGT: The blood draws will be timed to coincide with clinically indicated blood tests as much as possible (e.g. first visit labs, aneuploidy screening, gestational diabetes screening).

Testing using HOMA IR: The investigators will be measuring fasting insulin and glucose levels (last meal more than 8hrs before testing i.e. overnight fasting) from EDTA-plasma samples. After collection, the samples will be spun and plasma obtained. Samples will be stored until testing.

Two tubes (total = 20cc) of blood will be collected from participants who will be asked to fast for minimum of 8 hours prior to blood draw.

The samples from both time points will be sent together to Metabolon for Quantose IR and Quantose IGT analysis.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18 years or older.
• Singleton pregnancy.
• Able to provide consent.
• Gestational age 10 0/7 to 13 6/7 weeks.
• Planned delivery at UTMB (John Sealy Hospital (JSH) or League City Hospital Campus.
• Pre-pregnancy or early pregnancy BMI > or = 30 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

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Pregnant women

• Known or suspected fetal anomaly.
• Pre-gestational diabetes.
• Pre-pregnancy hypertension.
• Receiving medication that would interfere with Quantose IR or would increase IR (e.g. steroids).
• Prisoners.