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The study aimed to investigate whether transcranial direct current stimulation could modify auditory hallucination, insight, neurocognitive function, heart rate variability, psychosocial functioning and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a novel, non-invasive and safe neuro-modulating technique, has been developed as a new therapeutic option for neuropsychiatric disorders. It encompasses the induction of a relatively weak constant current flow through the cerebral cortex via scalp electrodes. Dependent on stimulation polarity, this results in a modulation of cortical excitability and spontaneous neural activity. The technique was established in the 1950s and 1960s primarily in animals. In these early studies it was shown that subthreshold DC stimulation increases spontaneous neuronal activity if the anode is placed above or within the cortex, while exposure to cathodal polarity results in reduced activity. This is caused by a subthreshold membrane depolarization by anodal and a hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation. It was demonstrated in humans that the after-effects of tDCS depend on modifications of NMDA receptor-efficacy. The after-effects of tDCS are blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist dextromethorphan, and prolonged by the partial NMDA receptor-agonist D-cycloserine. This tDCS polarity-dependent alteration of NMDA receptor function seems to be initiated by the respective membrane potential shift and probably by the accompanying cortical activity modification,because it is prevented by the sodium channel blocker carbamazepine. Intraneuronal calcium concentration also contributes, because calcium channel antagonists eliminate the excitability-enhancing aftereffects of anodal tDCS. Recently, tDCS has been found to improve psychopathological symptoms (auditory hallucination in particular), cognitive deficits and insight of schizophrenia and also strengthen cardiac autonomic function in healthy subjects. Further replication studies are needed.
The study aimed to investigate whether transcranial direct current stimulation could modify auditory hallucination, insight, neurocognitive function, heart rate variability, psychosocial functioning and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
Study design: randomized double-blind, sham-controlled study design.
Participants: 60 patients having a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective with refractory auditory verbal hallucinations (defined as the persistence of daily auditory verbal hallucinations without remission in spite of antipsychotic medications at an adequate dosage for at least 3 months), aged 20-65 years.
Others: see Arms and Interventions, Eligibility Criteria or Outcome Measures.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active tDCS | Active Comparator | Direct current (DC) generated by a DC stimulator (Eldith DC stimulator: www. neuroconn.de/dc-stimulator_plus_en/) was bilaterally delivered through a pair of saline-soaked surface sponge electrodes (35 square centimeter). The anode was placed with the middle of the electrode over a point midway between F3 and FP1 (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left prefrontal cortex). The cathode was located over a point midway between T3 and P3 (left temporo-parietal junction). Stimulation was applied at an intensity of 2 mA for 20 min, twice-daily on 5 consecutive weekdays. The twice daily sessions were separated by at least 3 hours. All patients in the active tDCS group were maintained on their antipsychotic medications throughout the study period. |
|
| Sham tDCS | Sham Comparator | In sham stimulation, the current was turned on for 30 sec and then ramped down to 0 mA. All patients in the sham tDCS group were maintained on their antipsychotic medications throughout the study period. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tDCS | Device |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes from baseline scores of Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS, at one month and three months after tDCS. | A clinician-administered rating scale to measure the severity of auditory (verbal) hallucination of the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. | Three months. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes from baseline scores of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS, at one month and three months after tDCS. | A clinician-administered rating scale to measure the severity of psychopathological symptoms of the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. | Three months. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included in the study. All these patients showed refractory auditory verbal hallucinations,which are defined as the persistence of daily auditory verbal hallucinations without remission in spite of antipsychotic medications at an adequate dosage for at least 3 months.
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hsin-An Chang, M.D. | Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tri-service general hospital | Taipei | 114 | Taiwan |
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Direct current (DC) generated by a DC stimulator (Eldith DC stimulator: www. neuroconn.de/dc-stimulator_plus_en/) was bilaterally delivered through a pair of saline-soaked surface sponge electrodes (35 square centimeter). The anode was placed with the middle of the electrode over a point midway between F3 and FP1 (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left prefrontal cortex). The cathode was located over a point midway between T3 and P3 (left temporo-parietal junction). Stimulation was applied at an intensity of 2 mA for 20 min, twice-daily on 5 consecutive weekdays. The twice daily sessions were separated by at least 3 hours.
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In sham stimulation, the current was turned on for 30 sec and then ramped down to 0 mA.
| Changes from baseline scores at Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS, at one month and three months after tDCS. |
A clinician-administered rating scale to measure the psychosocial functioning of the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. |
| Three months. |
| Changes from baseline results of Digit span (forward and backward) | A test to measure the capacity of working memory of the patients. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline results of Finger tapping test | A neuropsychological test that examines motor functioning, specifically, motor speed and lateralized coordination. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline results of Continuous Performance (CPT, version 2.0) | A neuropsychological test that examines the performance of prefrontal-mediated task. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline results of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | A neuropsychological test of "set-shifting", i.e. the ability to display flexibility in the face of changing schedules of reinforcement. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline results of Trail Making Test (TMT) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | A neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline results of Tower of London test at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | A neuropsychological test for the assessment of executive functioning specifically to detect deficits in planning, which may occur due to a variety of medical and neuropsychiatric conditions. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline heart rate variability (HRV) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | An index of autonomic functioning. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline scores of the brief version of questionnaire of The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | A self-reported questionnaire to measure quality of life of the patients. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline scores of self-reported version of the graphic Personal and Social Performance scale (SRG-PSP) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | A self-reported graphic questionnaire to measure psychosocial functioning of the patients. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline scores of the abbreviated version of the Scale to Assess Unawareness in Mental Disorder in schizophrenia (SUMD) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS, at one month and three months after tDCS. | An expert-rating scale based on a patient interview to measure the insight of the patient. | Three months. |
| Changes from baseline scores of the Taiwanese version of the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | Translated BCIS has two subscales including reflective attitude (R, 9 items, score range 9-36) and certain attitude (C, 6 items, score range 6-24) subscales. The higher score in R subscale indicates higher self-reflectiveness while the higher score in C subscale indicates higher self-certainty. Thus, a composite index (R-C, reflective attitude minus certain attitude, score range 3-30) of the translated BCIS represents the measurement of cogntive insight . The higher score of R-C index indicates higher cognitive insight. | One month. |
| Changes from baseline scores of the Taiwanese version of the Self- Appraisal of Illness Questionnaire (SAIQ) at the timepoint immediately after tDCS and at one month after tDCS. | This scale is a self-report instrument composed of 17 items on which participants are asked to rate the extent to which they agree with each statement using a four-point Likert scale, ranging from 0, ''do not agree at all'', to 3, ''agree completely'', which varies according to the statement or questions content. SAIQ has three subscales including worry, need for treatment, and presence/outcome of illness subscales. The scores for the three subscales were summed to create a total SAIQ score (range 17-68), which is intended to represent a broad measure of insight. Lower SAIQ total scores indicate less awareness of one's psychiatric illness. | One month. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012559 | Schizophrenia |
| D011618 | Psychotic Disorders |
| D006212 | Hallucinations |
| D003072 | Cognition Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065908 | Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004599 | Electric Stimulation Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D003295 | Convulsive Therapy |
| D013000 | Psychiatric Somatic Therapies |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D004597 | Electroshock |
| D011580 | Psychological Techniques |
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