The intervention was preceded by a 1-week run-in period during which participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and filled in a 7-day dietary record to optimize basal infusion rate and insulin-to-glycemic load ratio. The study had a randomized crossover design with each subject studied on 2 occasions at least 1 week apart. Participants were assigned to consume, in random order, two test meals with the same amount of carbohydrates (50g): a meal containing fiber-enriched buckwheat pasta (FBP) or corn pasta (CP), used as control. Over the experimental period, participants underwent CGM, wearing their sensors 7 days/week.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 20-50 years
• Documented history of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy/breast feeding
• Serious microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications
• Any other chronic or acute disease apart from diabetes seriously affecting health status