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Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is an outpatient treatment for patients with intrarenal calculi. Standard of care involves offering oral analgesia prior to commencing the treatment. Most patients do not take the offered analgesia after the initial treatment. It has been suggested that distraction techniques may be equivalent to oral analgesia in improving tolerability of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy treatment. The use of distraction techniques also removes the potential side effects of mediation administration.
The investigators are aiming to assess if distraction techniques help improve patient comfort while undergoing extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy treatment for renal calculi. Improved tolerability of treatment would result in longer duration of time on the lithotripsy machine and may lead to better stone fragmentation. Outcomes will be completion of treatment and scores on the short form McGill pain questionnaire.
Patients will be randomised into three groups. The randomisation will not be blinded as this is not possible within the design of the study. The first group will be given stress balls to squeeze during treatment and will also receive standard care (the offer of oral analgesia). The second group will be given headphones to listen to music during treatment and will also receive standard care. The third group will receive standard care.
Prior to commencing extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, patients will be given the shortened Health Anxiety Inventory score to complete. Following lithotripsy treatment, patients will be given the short form McGill pain questionnaire to complete.
The initial pilot study will aim to recruit sixty patients and further recruitment will take place on the basis of the outcomes of the pilot study.
Inclusion criteria All patients over eighteen years old undergoing extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for the first time
Exclusion criteria Patients not capable of giving informed consent Patients in whom extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is contraindicated
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stress balls | Experimental | The first arm will be given stress balls to squeeze during their treatment and will also receive standard care (the offer of oral analgesia) |
|
| Headphones | Experimental | The second arm will be given headphones to listen to music during their treatment and will also receive standard care. |
|
| Control | No Intervention | The control group will receive standard care (the offer of oral analgesia) |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stress balls | Behavioral | Squeezing stress balls while receiving ESWL treatment |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain score | Patients will complete the short form McGill pain questionnaire, subdivided into 11 sensory descriptors, 4 affective descriptors and a visual analogue score. Sensory and affective descriptors are each rated as 0-3. Sensory minimum score 0/33 (no pain), maximum score 33/33 (maximum pain). Affective minimum score 0/12 (no pain), maximum score 12/12 (maximum pain). Visual analogue score 0 to 10 (0 being no pain and 10 being worst possible pain). | At the time of completing lithotripsy treatment (3000 shocks over 40 to 60 minutes) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Early cessation of lithotripsy treatment | Cessation of lithotripsy treatment before completion (3000 shocks over 40-60 minutes) | At the time of completing lithotripsy treatment (3000 shocks over 40 to 60 minutes) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cliodhna Browne, MRCSI | University College Hospital Galway, Ireland | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University College Hospital Galway | Galway | Galway | Ireland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32771299 | Derived | Browne C, Redmond E, Kelly T, Rogers E, O'Malley P, Nusrat N, Jaffry S, Durkan G, Walsh K, Dowling C, D'Arcy FT. Strategies to maximise patient comfort during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy - A randomised controlled trial. Surgeon. 2021 Aug;19(4):207-211. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2020.07.002. Epub 2020 Aug 6. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D053040 | Nephrolithiasis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
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| Headphones |
| Behavioral |
Listening to music while receiving ESWL treatment |
|
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052878 | Urolithiasis |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |