A prospective observational study. Enrolled participants admitted to ICU due to pneumonia and respiratory failure need mechanical ventilator support. Investigators collected the residual specimens, such as sputum from endotrachea aspiration, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in those participants as the usual care in the ICU. Those residual samples were sent to extract RNA and sequence by using high-throughput sequencing (next-generation sequencing) method.

Investigators will compared the microbiome feature between lower respiratory tract and stool specimens in those participants diagnosed as pneumonia with respiratory failure.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults aged than 40 years old
• Diagnosed as pneumonia
• Respiratory failure with mechanical ventilator support

Exclusion Criteria:

• Less than 40 years old
• Has been treated with antibiotics more than 7 days within two weeks before enrolling into study
• Suspected or active pulmonary tuberculosis infection

Patients who suffered from pneumonia and respiratory failure needed mechanical ventilator support with inform consent will be enrolled into study

We will share study protocol and Informed Consent Form and Clinical Study Report to other researchers

One year after the study was completed

E-mail to yetquen@gmail.com Dr. Pin-Kuei Fu