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Previous studies suggested an inverse relationship between coffee consumption and mortality in the general population. Furthermore, an inverse association between coffee consumption and serum biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance has been described. Prospective studies showed that coffee consumption might be associated with reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Although caffeine consumption appears to be associated with a decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, the relationship between caffeine consumption and mortality in patients with diabetes remains uncertain. The current analysis aimed to assess the effects of caffeine consumption and caffeine source on all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality among patients with diabetes.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | All-cause mortality as assessed by NHANES linked National Death Index public-access | From baseline until death or censoring on 31 December 2011, whichever came first, assessed up to 12 years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular mortality | Cardiovascular mortality as assessed by NHANES linked National Death Index public-access | From baseline until death or censoring on 31 December 2011, whichever came first, assessed up to 12 years |
| Cancer mortality |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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NHANES is a nationally-representative, cross-sectional study of nutrition and health for individuals residing in the U.S.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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Cancer mortality as assessed by NHANES linked National Death Index public-access
| From baseline until death or censoring on 31 December 2011, whichever came first, assessed up to 12 years |