Number of participants with an infant born with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams.

Number of participants with an infant born with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams.

A continuous measure of infant birth weight (grams)

Infant born before 37 weeks' gestation (obstetric estimate)

Number of participants with an infant born before 28 weeks' gestation.

Gestational age at birth in weeks (continuous)

Fetal death at or after 20 weeks of gestation or mortality in the first 7 days of life

Infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for at least one night

Assisted ventilation immediately after delivery, assisted ventilation for more than six hours, seizure, receipt of surfactant replacement therapy, and receipt of antibiotics for suspected sepsis.

Number of participants experiencing a cesarean delivery for their index birth.

Severe acute maternal morbidity as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Number of participants experiencing all-cause mortality within one year postpartum.

Number of participants experiencing neonatal abstinence disorder (NAS) or maternal drug/substance abuse in the first two years postpartum.

Includes any ICD code for healthcare encounter associated with experiencing violence or mortality associated with homicide based on ICD code

Number of participants with a postpartum visit in first 12 weeks after an index birth.

With adequacy defined using the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU), where prenatal care began by the 4th month and at least 80% of recommended visits were attended

Number of emergency department visits during pregnancy.

Number of participants with a dental visit during pregnancy (preventive or treatment).

Number of participants with an ultrasound (anatomy scan) at 18-22 weeks.

Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel: Rhesus-D (DRh), red blood cell (RBC) antibody screen, complete blood count (CBC), urine culture, urinalysis; sexually transmitted infection (STI) screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25); Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Received a glucose screen at 24-28 weeks' gestation.

Note: Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D [Rh], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Received Tdap vaccination at 27-36 weeks' gestation.

Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D [Rh], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Received Group B streptococcus test at 35-37 weeks' gestation.

Note: Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D [Rh], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Diagnosis for depression/anxiety/stress reaction or antidepressant prescription or outpatient mental health visit

Number of participants with a diagnosis of depression/anxiety/stress reaction.

Number of participants with an antidepressant prescription.

Number of participants with at least one outpatient mental health visit.

Second antidepressant prescription or outpatient mental health visit within 120 days of treatment initiation ("acute phase")

Based on all-listed diagnoses (i.e. primary or secondary) for depression/anxiety/stress reaction

Based on all-listed diagnoses (i.e. primary or secondary) for depression/anxiety/stress reaction

Health care encounter or mortality associated with ICD codes indicating major injury

Health care encounter or mortality associated with ICD codes indicating concern for abuse or neglect

Number of injuries for child

Number of participants whose child had at least one visit to the emergency department.

Total number of child visits to the emergency department (without admission)

All-cause child mortality in first 24 months of life

Number of participants that received the recommended number of well-child visits.

Number of participants whose child received at least one lead screening.

Number of participants whose child received at least one developmental screening.

Child receives a dental screen at least once in first 24 months

Share with recommended fluoride treatments received by child

Having a subsequent birth within the first 24 months of the index birth

Having a subsequent birth within the first 15 months of the index birth

Continuous measure of inter-birth interval

Number of participants who received any family planning-related counseling or service.

Received implant, immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (IPP-LARC), long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), or sterilization and moderately effective contraception to include path, ring, diaphragm, injectables and contraceptive pills

Number of participants who received immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception in first 6 weeks postpartum.

Number of participants who received any family planning-related counseling or service in the first year postpartum.

Received implant, IPP-LARC, LARC, or sterilization and moderately effective contraception to include path, ring, diaphragm, injectables and contraceptive pills

Number of participants who received a postpartum intrauterine device insertion in first 12 months postpartum.

Months from pregnancy to first take up of family planning counseling or service

Months from discharge to first take up of highly effective contraceptive method (include implant, IPP-LARC, LARC, or sterilization)

Number of participants who received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits during pregnancy.

Total months receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families at any time during a given year and having experienced at least one break in participation of four months or less that started and/or ended during the year

Total of all reporting groups

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Defined as a Perceived Stress Scale 4 (PSS-4) score ≥ 4. Based on the total score, which ranges from 0-16, with higher values indicating more severe stress.

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score ≥ 3. Based on the total score, which ranges from 0-6, with higher values indicating more severe symptoms of depression.

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.

Composite of at least one health care encounter or mortality associated with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes indicating either major injury, or, concern for abuse or neglect for the participant's index child(ren).

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Having a subsequent birth within the first 21 months of the index birth

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant birth weight below the 10th percentile for infants of the same gestational age

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant birth weight above the 90th percentile for infants of the same gestational age

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an infant born with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an infant born with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

A continuous measure of infant birth weight (grams)

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant born before 37 weeks' gestation (obstetric estimate)

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an infant born before 28 weeks' gestation.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Gestational age at birth in weeks (continuous)

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Fetal death at or after 20 weeks of gestation or mortality in the first 7 days of life

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for at least one night

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, those who experienced an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Assisted ventilation immediately after delivery, assisted ventilation for more than six hours, seizure, receipt of surfactant replacement therapy, and receipt of antibiotics for suspected sepsis.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants experiencing a cesarean delivery for their index birth.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Severe acute maternal morbidity as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The analysis population for this outcome includes participants who matched to an index birth in claims data.

Number of participants experiencing all-cause mortality within one year postpartum.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants experiencing neonatal abstinence disorder (NAS) or maternal drug/substance abuse in the first two years postpartum.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Includes any ICD code for healthcare encounter associated with experiencing violence or mortality associated with homicide based on ICD code

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with a postpartum visit in first 12 weeks after an index birth.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

With adequacy defined using the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU), where prenatal care began by the 4th month and at least 80% of recommended visits were attended

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of emergency department visits during pregnancy.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with a dental visit during pregnancy (preventive or treatment).

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an ultrasound (anatomy scan) at 18-22 weeks.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel: Rhesus-D (DRh), red blood cell (RBC) antibody screen, complete blood count (CBC), urine culture, urinalysis; sexually transmitted infection (STI) screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25); Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Received a glucose screen at 24-28 weeks' gestation.

Note: Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D [Rh], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received Tdap vaccination at 27-36 weeks' gestation.

Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D [Rh], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received Group B streptococcus test at 35-37 weeks' gestation.

Note: Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D [Rh], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if <25, gonorrhea if <25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Diagnosis for depression/anxiety/stress reaction or antidepressant prescription or outpatient mental health visit

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with a diagnosis of depression/anxiety/stress reaction.

Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.