The Cardiovascular Impacts of Electronic Cigarettes to the Use of Nicotine Replacement Patches
The Cardiovascular Impacts of Electronic Cigarettes to the Use of Nicotine Replacement Patches
In Scotland tobacco-related illnesses account for in excess of 56,000 hospital admissions and a quarter of deaths each year. The resultant financial impact on NHS Scotland is over £300 million per annum. To minimise the clinical and financial burden of tobacco on national healthcare systems, Scotland's tobacco control strategy aims to create a "tobacco-free" generation by 2034, with the prevalence of smoking in the adult population reduced to ≤5 %. The multifaceted approach focuses upon tobacco prevention, protection and cessation.
In relation to smoking cessation, the use of EC has exponentially increased since 2011, and EC are presently the most popular nicotine replacement product used in England. The Public Health England (PHE) Report published in August 2015 advocates the use of EC when other smoking cessation aids have failed.
Tobacco smoking (TS) remains a major health challenge for people in Scotland. EC are presently the most popular nicotine replacement product used in England. Recently NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGGC) have, like other Health Boards and Trusts in the UK, lifted the ban on ECs on hospital grounds. This decision has been based on recent evidence that ECs appear to be less harmful when compared to TS but it is acknowledged that the short- and long-term sequelae of ECs remain unknown. Systematic research focusing on the effectiveness of ECs on cardiovascular and pulmonary phenotypes is urgently needed.
The VAPOUR pilot study is a randomised control trial (RCT) investigating the short-term cardiorespiratory effects of EC in comparison to nicotine replacement patches (NRP) in smokers following 12 weeks of smoking cessation support with NHSGG&C Smokefree Community Services. We hypothesise that both EC and NRP users will experience improvements in cardiovascular and pulmonary function; but the effects may be less pronounced in EC users.
The data generated from the pilot study will be invaluable for sample size and power estimation towards the development of a larger scale study. If the data generated from such a trial demonstrate that EC have short-term cardiovascular and pulmonary health effects, this may reduce tobacco associated morbidity and mortality, improve patient care and minimise NHS healthcare costs, and lead to the development of long term studies.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Established history of cardiovascular defined as:
Unstable angina, heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification classes III - IV Recent stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary angiogram within the last 3 months.
Established renal disease defined as eGFR <45 Established history of peripheral vascular disease Established history of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Illicit drug use Severe concurrent medical condition that would prevent participation in study procedures or malignant neoplasm or with life expectancy ≤ 3 months.
Major depressive illness or other psychiatric conditions. Participants who decline participation in the study or who are unable to provide informed consent