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Pediatric patients between 6months and 6years old will be included. They are scheduled for elective general or urologic surgery at a single tertiary medical center. Before the operation, the researcher interviews the parents of the pediatric patients to check whether they have the upper respiratory tract infection and asks them to fill out a questionnaire about the severity of their symptoms. The researcher will get the symptom score of the upper respiratory tract infection in the questionnaire. The degree of anesthesia induced atelectasis is measured using lung ultrasound. Pulmonary ultrasound is performed after endotracheal intubation and at the end of the operation dividing the patient's thorax into 12 regions. The investigator grades the degree of atelectasis at each region form 0 to 3 points. After the end of the operation, check whether the respiratory adverse effects occurred during emergence and recovery at the post anesthesia care unit.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| no URI (upper respiratory tract infection) symptoms | Patients without upper respiratory tract infection symptoms |
| |
| URI (upper respiratory tract infection) symptoms | Patients with upper respiratory tract infection symptoms |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| questionnaire about the severity of their symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection | Other | Before the operation, the researcher interviews the parents of the pediatric patients to check whether they have the upper respiratory tract infection and asks them to fill out a questionnaire about the severity of their symptoms. The questionnaire consists of 8 types of symptom about upper respiratory infections and each symptom was checked from 0 to 3 according to severity by their patients. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The degree of atelectasis due to general anesthesia using lung ultrasound | Anesthesia induced atelectasis is diagnosed when the ultrasound findings as B-line (appears hyperechoic lines perpendicular to the pleura) and consolidation(loss of pleural line and hypoechoic area) are identified. The chest is divided into 12 regions: three longitudinal lines (parasternal, anterior, and posterior axillary) and two axial lines (above the diaphragm, and 1cm above the nipples) in each hemithorax. The investigator grades the degree of atelectasis at each region form 0 to 3 points. The degree of juxtapleural consolidation was graded: (a0) no consolidation; (a1) minimal juxtapleural consolidation; (a2) small-sized consolidation(<50%); and (a3) large-sized consolidation(>50%). The degree of B-lines was divided into four grades: (b0) fewer than three isolated B-lines; (b1) multiple well-defined B-lines; (b2) multiple coalescent B-lines; and (b3) white lung. | The investigator will measure the degree of atelectasis using lung ultrasound at 2 minutes after endotracheal intubation and at 5minutes the end of the operation. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Occurrence of respiratory adverse effects after the operation | After the end of the operation, check whether the respiratory adverse effects occurred when the patient is extubated and 10, 30 minutes after extubation at the post anesthesia care unit. Respiratory adverse effects are bronchospasm and laryngospasm. We analyze the symptom score of upper respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients who showed respiratory adverse events and suggest the cut off value of the score with high risk of respiratory adverse events by multivariate logistic regression. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Pediatric patients between 6months and 6years old scheduled for elective general or urologic surgery at a single thetiary medical center.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine | Seoul | 120-752 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33727626 | Derived | Lee HM, Byon HJ, Kim N, Gleich SJ, Flick RP, Lee JR. Effect of upper respiratory infection on anaesthesia induced atelectasis in paediatric patients. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 16;11(1):5981. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85378-0. |
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| 10 minutes after extubation at the post anesthesia care unit |
| Occurrence of respiratory adverse effects after the operation | After the end of the operation, check whether the respiratory adverse effects occurred when the patient is extubated and 10, 30 minutes after extubation at the post anesthesia care unit. Respiratory adverse effects are bronchospasm and laryngospasm. We analyze the symptom score of upper respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients who showed respiratory adverse events and suggest the cut off value of the score with high risk of respiratory adverse events by multivariate logistic regression. | 30 minutes after extubation at the post anesthesia care unit |