The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate a feeding technique, sham feeding, to promote adequate oral skills in order to prevent oral aversion and/or poor oral skills due to the delay in oral feeds for surgical reasons. Sham feeding is intended for infants who are expected to have a prolonged course without normal enteral feeding by mouth.

There is a lack of literature and research on which to base interventions that intend to preserve and develop oral and motor feeding skills in the post-operative patient population during the critical window of opportunity to establish proper oral skills. Due to the lack of positive oral feeding stimuli (i.e. prolonged airway management, nasogastric tubes, and airway and upper GI suctioning), these patients are at risk to develop oral aversions that may negatively impact long-term outcomes.

Parents in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) report feelings of stress and loss of control associated with medical interventions. When normal oral feeding is contraindicated, there may be impairment of parent-child bonding and mothers may be less dedicated to providing milk for the infant. Impaired bonding has been shown to affect the parent-child relationship and the child's development long after discharge.

Sham feeding has been shown to be safe and shorten time to oral feeding in infants with esophageal atresia with delayed esophageal repair. Anecdotal evidence from Le Bonheur suggests that sham feeding in post-operative gastroschisis patients improves parental satisfaction and engagement.

There is no literature to describe the use of sham feeding in neonates other than those with esophageal atresia. Anecdotal reports from our institution and others institutions suggests that it increases parental engagement and improves parental satisfaction among patients with other bowel pathology.

This is a cohort study with historical controls within a single level IV NICU. Participants will be offered sham feeding by breast or bottle and observed.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Neonates at least 34 weeks post-menstrual age who have a history of gastrointestinal surgery, require no respiratory support more than 2 lpm by nasal cannula, and have an anticipated prolonged course with contraindication to normal oral or enteral feeding. They must have a diagnosis of gastroschisis awaiting return of bowel function, bowel atresia or other obstruction with anticipated feeding contraindication longer than 30 days, or short bowel syndrome intolerant of full intermittent oral feeding.
2. Mothers of enrolled neonates

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Lack of consent or parental consent.
2. Contraindication to sham feeding as determined by the responsible medical provider.