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This study provides participants with two diets that vary in their glycaemic index values (low vs. high), whilst also measuring cognitive performance and mood.
Therefore, the current study introduces cognitive testing into study procedures. Participants will consume the favourable and unfavourable conditions (each containing three meals) on separate days following a crossover, randomised, couterbalanced design. The primary dependent variable is cognitive function, whilst secondary measures include glucose and mood. It is hypothesised that the favourable meal profile will be associated with cognitive and physiological benefits relative to the unfavourable meal profile.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low GI diet | Experimental | This diet contained three Low GI meals. This was the Low Glycaemic Diet intervention. |
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| High GI diet | Experimental | This diet contained three meals, all with a high GI value. This was the High Glycaemic Diet intervention. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Glycaemic Diet | Dietary Supplement | This intervention was a diet that provided participants with three meals with a low GI value. These meals were breakfast (9am), lunch (midday) and a snack (3pm). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in cognitive performance between time points assessed | A participants performance over four cognitive tasks | This was tested 9 times a day, with two days, giving a total of 18 times. Each battery of four tasks lasted approximately 15 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glycaemic profile | Glucose concentration levels | This was measured 23 times a day, for two days, giving a total of 46 times |
| Mood (alertness, anxiety and contentment) using the Bond-Lader (1974) Visual Analogue Scale |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Suffer from diabetes
Are anaemic
Smoker
Have any food intolerances or allergies
History of alcohol or drug misuse
Diagnosed with any of the following;
You are presently taking part in another clinical trial or research study
You are an elite athlete (very high intensity training more than 3 times a week)
You are currently on a specific diet, and are unwilling to cease during the testing period
You are intending to regularly use medication which affects gastrointestinal motility
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Daniel J Lamport, PhD | University of Reading | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Reading | Reading | Berkshire | RG6 6AL | United Kingdom |
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All participants took part in both conditions.
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Participants were not told what diet they were consuming each day.
| High Glycaemic Diet | Dietary Supplement | This intervention was a diet that provided participants with three meals with a high GI value. These meals were breakfast (9am), lunch (midday) and a snack (3pm). |
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This was comprised of three mood sub-factors; alertness, anxiety, contentment. The VAS provides participants with 16 lines (100mm in length). At each end of every line are two words opposite in meaning, for example 'alert' and 'drowsy'. A participant marks each line closer to the word they feel at that current time. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum is 100, measured in millimetres.
| This takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. Participants were tested six times a day. There were two test days. Giving a total of 12 times, or approximately 60 minutes of mood scale completion. |
| Sleepiness | This was measured on a custom Visual Analogue Scale. Participants were presented with a 100mm line. At one end the word 'sleepy' appeared, and at the other end 'not sleepy' was present. Participants indicated how sleepy they felt by marking the line closer to the word they currently felt. Scores fell between 0 and 100. | This takes approximately 30 seconds to complete. Participants were tested six times a day. There were two test days. Giving a total of 12 times, or approximately 6 minutes overall. |
| Hunger | This was measured on a custom Visual Analogue Scale. Participants were presented with a 100mm line. At one end the word 'hungry' appeared, and at the other end 'not hungry' was present. Participants indicated how hungry they felt by marking the line closer to the word they currently felt. Scores fell between 0 and 100. | This takes approximately 30 seconds to complete. Participants were tested six times a day. There were two test days. Giving a total of 12 times, or approximately 6 minutes overall. |
| Fullness | This was measured on a custom Visual Analogue Scale. Participants were presented with a 100mm line. At one end the word 'full' appeared, and at the other end 'not full' was present. Participants indicated how full they felt by marking the line closer to the word they currently felt. Scores fell between 0 and 100. | This takes approximately 30 seconds to complete. Participants were tested six times a day. There were two test days. Giving a total of 12 times, or approximately 6 minutes overall. |