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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Texas Tech University | OTHER |
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High cognitive load activities can influence energy intake from food. It is unknown how restaurant menu designs may affect patrons in terms of cognitive demand and subsequent ordering of food.Objective: Our objective was to develop and experimentally test menu designs that differ in cognitive load to test the subjective and objective stress measures on food ordering.
For the first experiment, a parallel randomized trial of healthy young adults (n= 30) was conducted to compare ordering from one of two menu designs (easy - E, hard - H) developed in a prior pilot study. In the second experiment, restrained eaters were specifically recruited and asked to fast before the experiment to determine the influence of cognitive load of menus on energy ordered (n=31). Galvanic skin response was used as an objective proxy for relative cognitive load, and questionnaires were used to assess perceptions of the menus. The main outcomes were the number of items ordered and total energy of the items ordered (in kilocalories).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1 Easy | Active Comparator | For the first experiment, subjects in this arm received the "easy" menu during the protocol. |
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| Experiment 1 Hard | Active Comparator | For the first experiment, subjects in this arm received the "hard" menu during the protocol. |
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| Experiment 2 Easy | Active Comparator | For the second experiment, subjects in this arm, who qualified as restrained eaters and were asked to fast for 8 hours overnight, received the "easy" menu during the protocol. |
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| Experiment 2 Hard | Active Comparator | For the second experiment, subjects in this arm, who qualified as restrained eaters and were asked to fast for 8 hours overnight, received the "hard" menu during the protocol. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menu design | Behavioral | Participants were given 5 minutes to order a hypothetical meal from the assigned test menu by circling all items they wanted to order. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total Number of Items Ordered | Total number of items ordered off assigned menu | During the 5-minute menu ordering task |
| Total Energy of Items ordered | Total Energy (kcals) of items ordered off assigned menu | During the 5-minute menu ordering task |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective ratings of difficulty of using assigned menu to order a meal | Assessed by NASA Task Load Index questionnaire | Immediately (1 minute) following the 5-minute menu ordering period |
| Galvanic Skin Response |
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Experiment 1
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Experiment 2
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kathryn A Kaiser, PhD | University of Alabama at Birmingham, Asst. Professor, Dept of Health Behavior | Principal Investigator |
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Pending approval by the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Institutional Review Board (IRB), which we have received for other studies and anticipate receiving here, we will prepare transportable de-identified raw databases and codebooks, which will contain the raw data used in any paper we publish from the proposed research. We will publically deposit such raw data for access by others without restriction in a public repository such as ICPSR. For any investigator requesting data we have not yet published, we will be glad to provide de-identified data and codebooks to the investigators provided that the proposed use does not conflict with our intentions for use.
Materials will be posted after publication of study results.
Data and supporting materials will be freely available to anyone with access to openICPSR.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005518 | Food Preferences |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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Parallel arm randomized controlled trial
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Participants were blinded to treatment allocation.
An objective proxy for relative cognitive load; this measure has been shown to be positively correlated with psychological stress or cognitive challenge as mediated by sympathetic nervous system activity
| During the 5-minute menu ordering task |