The aim of the study is to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and preference-based health utilities of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) carriers in different stages of illness. It will also estimate the cost-effectiveness of anti-viral treatments resulting from the prevention of the progression of disease from uncomplicated CHB carriers to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

The following hypotheses will be tested:

1. Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) have poorer health-related quality of life (HRQOL) than the general population;
2. Patients with more severe stages of chronic HB infections have lower health related quality of life and health utility values;
3. Anti-viral treatment can improve the HRQOL and health utility for patients with CHB infections;
4. The cost-effectiveness of different treatments for chronic HBV infections can be directly compared in terms of cost/QALY gained.

Design, Setting & Subjects: A cross-sectional study and biomathematical modelling will be carried out. In the cross-sectional study, patients known to CHB carriers will be identified from the registries of the Ap Lei Chau, Aberdeen and Sai Yung Pun General Outpatient Clinics and Queen Mary Hospital. The biomathematical modelling will use a simulated cohort of patients aged 18 or above with CHB infections who may receive treatment in Hong Kong. Published data on the benefit of anti-viral treatments and the cross-sectional study data on preference-based health utility values of different stages of CHB infections will be used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of different treatment strategies using Markov modelling.

Interventions: Each subject in the cross-sectional study will be interviewed. Five strategies for management of CHB infections: 1) No treatment, 2) Interferon monotherapy, 3) lamivudine monotherapy, 4) adefovir and 5) combined treatment of lamivudine and adefovir, will be tested in the biomathematical modelling,.

Main Outcome Measures: Health-related quality of life measured by the SF-36, preference-based health utilities measured by the SF-6D. quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost of different treatment strategies for HBV infection.

Hypothesis: HRQOL and health utilities of patients with different illness stages, and the QALYs gained and cost-effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies will be established. The results will provide information on the health burden of CHB infections, and evidence on the cost-effectiveness of anti-viral treatments in preventing disease progression can be directly compared.

Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects will be included in the study if they:

1. Are 18 years and above in age;
2. Are known to be HBsAg positive for more than six months;
3. Can be classified into one of the following sages of liver diseases:

(i) Uncomplicated CHB: Patients with chronic CHB infections but normal liver function and without cirrhosis or HCC.

(ii) CHB with impaired liver function or compensated cirrhosis, not on anti-viral treatment.

(iii) CHB with impaired liver function or compensated cirrhosis, on anti-viral treatment.

(iv) Decompensated cirrhosis: Patients with CHB infection and cirrhosis complicated by one or more of the following: variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy or ascites.

(v) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Patients with confirmed diagnosis of HCC

d. Have given written consent to take part in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

Subjects will be excluded from the study if they have one of the following:

1. Unable to understand and communicate in Chinese Language;
2. Known cognitive impairment;
3. Diagnosed end-stage non-hepatitis B related chronic illness such as terminal cancer;
4. Patients currently abusing alcohol (>30 units/week) or illegal drugs;
5. Co-infection with HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis D virus (HDV);
6. Post-liver transplant;
7. Refuse to give consent.

Chinese adults with chroni hepatits B infection.