Bioenergetics and Metabolism in Pediatric Populations

Bioenergetics and Metabolism in Pediatric Populations

The investigators want to learn more about obesity, the development of insulin resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes in children. The investigators will do this through collecting information about children's health and conducting experiments on a variety of samples.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 5-9 years and Tanner stage as reported by parent no greater than stage 1 OR Age 5 years - 17 years 5 months, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance
• Either healthy lean (BMI≥ 5th percentile and <85th percentile for age/sex) or obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age/sex)
• For those with BMI≥ 95th percentile for age/sex, parental verbal confirmation will be obtained that the child had a history of BMI≥ 95th percentile for age/sex for at least six months prior to study enrollment

Exclusion criteria:

• Genetic or physical conditions impacting mobility over past year as determined by the Principal Investigator (PI)
• Having known chronic illnesses/disorders that may independently affect study outcome measures: type 1 diabetes mellitus, neurologic (e.g. epilepsy), developmental (developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder), endocrine (thyroid, Cushing's), hepatic, autoimmune, cardiac and renal disorders. Also, chronic lung disorders except well controlled asthma that does not require permanent use of inhaled/oral steroids
• Taking any of the following medications that can affect study outcome: antipsychotics, thyroid hormone replacement therapy, inhaled/oral steroids, insulin, anabolic drugs (growth hormone replacement therapy and oxandrolone) and stimulants
• BMI<5th percentile for age/sex (classified as underweight based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts)
• Subjects determined ineligible by the PI.