The investigators want to learn more about obesity, the development of insulin resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes in children. The investigators will do this through collecting information about children's health and conducting experiments on a variety of samples.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 5-9 years and Tanner stage as reported by parent no greater than stage 1 OR Age 5 years - 17 years 5 months, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance
• Either healthy lean (BMI≥ 5th percentile and <85th percentile for age/sex) or obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age/sex)
• For those with BMI≥ 95th percentile for age/sex, parental verbal confirmation will be obtained that the child had a history of BMI≥ 95th percentile for age/sex for at least six months prior to study enrollment

Exclusion criteria:

• Genetic or physical conditions impacting mobility over past year as determined by the Principal Investigator (PI)
• Having known chronic illnesses/disorders that may independently affect study outcome measures: type 1 diabetes mellitus, neurologic (e.g. epilepsy), developmental (developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder), endocrine (thyroid, Cushing's), hepatic, autoimmune, cardiac and renal disorders. Also, chronic lung disorders except well controlled asthma that does not require permanent use of inhaled/oral steroids
• Taking any of the following medications that can affect study outcome: antipsychotics, thyroid hormone replacement therapy, inhaled/oral steroids, insulin, anabolic drugs (growth hormone replacement therapy and oxandrolone) and stimulants
• BMI<5th percentile for age/sex (classified as underweight based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts)
• Subjects determined ineligible by the PI.

Study investigators, research staff, or any qualified personnel will conduct recruitment of study participants using IRB approved advertisement. 175 pre-pubertal children ages 5-9 years old or children diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance ages 5-17 years old will be recruited and may enroll for this study with the goal that 130 subjects stratified across the study groups will complete the study.

The information collected at the study visit, saliva, cheek swabs, blood, urine, and stool samples may be stored indefinitely and may be used for future research studies on pediatric nutrition. Prior to the information collected at the study visit and samples being used for future research studies, the PI will assess the ethics and scientific merit of the proposed research with the samples, and proposed future research will be reviewed by the IRB as may be required. The samples and health information collected for the study visit may be shared with researchers at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, or Arkansas Children's Research Institute. The samples may be shared with an outside group. The samples will only have a study number and study acronym to maintain confidentiality.

The data and samples will be available after all data has been collected for the study and all samples have been processed for the study. Prior to the information collected at the study visit and samples being used for future research studies, the PI will assess the ethics and scientific merit of the proposed research with the samples, and proposed future research will be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) as may be required.

The samples and health information collected for the study visit may be shared with researchers at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, or Arkansas Children's Research Institute. The samples may be shared with an outside group. The samples will only have a study number and study acronym to maintain confidentiality.