experimental group received standard care plus preoperative preparation, which included a tour, a cartoon video depicting a boy's surgical journey and familiarization with medical equipment.

Participants in the experimental group received standard care plus our newly developed, multicomponent family-centered preoperative preparation program. This program included the following: (1) a tour of the preoperative area and recovery room; (2) a 4-min cartoon video entitled 'I am not afraid of surgery,' which was tailored to the child; this video included 29 scenes that depicted a boy's surgical journey with a particular emphasis on strategies for addressing postoperative pain; and (3) familiarization with medical equipment such as name badges, disposable hair caps, anesthetic masks, EKG leads, and pulse oximeters, which were placed on a doll, to help children understand the surgical instruments and promote better cooperation at the time of anesthesia induction.

to assess children's emotional behaviors during stressful medical situations

to assess children's emotional behaviors during stressful medical situations

to assess children's emotional behaviors during stressful medical situations