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The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension in the elderly is very high. Apart from medication, physical exercise training is a potential strategy to reduce blood pressure, however, the ability to perform exercise can be limited in the elderly. Hence, alternative non-pharmacological strategies to reduce blood pressure are necessary. Two interventions that have been shown to positively influence blood pressure are respiratory muscle training (RMT) and intermittent hypoxia (IH). Whether a combination of RMT and IH yields even better effects is currently unknown. Therefore, in this study, the effect of a single session of RMT with and without IH on blood pressure and associated cardiovascular parameters will be investigated in elderly subjects with pre-hypertension.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Group | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RMT | Procedure | RMT consists of six bouts of 5-min of volitional hyperpnoea . After each RMT bout, participants will breathe room air for 5 minutes. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in blood pressure in mmHg | Blood pressure before, during, and after each intervention measured with an automated sphygmomanometer | At baseline after 20 min of lying in a supine position, every 5 minutes during the 60 min intervention, and 20, 35 and 50 min after the end of the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pulse wave velocity in m/s | Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity before and after each intervention, assessed with a device that simultaneously records (non-invasively) pressure signals from the carotid and femoral arteries | At baseline after 25 min of lying in a supine position, and 25, 40 and 55 min after the end of the intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Christina M. Spengler, Prof. | Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich | Zurich | Canton of Zurich | 8057 | Switzerland |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D058246 | Prehypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| RMT + IH | Procedure | RMT and IH consist of six bouts of 5-min of volitional hyperpnoea. After each RMT bout, participants will breathe a hypoxic gas mixture (10.5% O2 ) for 5 minutes. |
|
| Control | Procedure | No intervention |
|
| Change in cardiac output in L/min | Cardiac output before, during, and after each intervention measured with impedance cardiography | At baseline after 15min of lying in a supine position, every 5 minutes during the 60 min intervention, and 15, 30 and 45 min after the end of the intervention |
| Change in total peripheral resistance in dyn x s/cm^5 | Total peripheral resistance before, during, and after each intervention measured with impedance cardiography | At baseline after 15min of lying in a supine position, every 5 minutes during the 60 min intervention, and 15, 30 and 45 min after the end of the intervention |
| Changes in baroreflex sensitivity in ms/mmHg | Baroreflex sensitivity before and after each intervention assessed with photo plethysmography | At baseline after 15min of lying in a supine position, and 15, 30 and 45 min after the end of the intervention |
| Change in heart rate variability in ms | Heart rate variability measured before, during and after each intervention with impedance cardiography | At baseline after 15min of lying in a supine position, every 5 minutes during the 60 min intervention, and 15, 30 and 45 min after the end of the intervention |
| Change in peripheral oxygenation during sleep in %Saturation | Peripheral oxygenation during sleep measured at home after each intervention with a finger pulse oxymeter | Continuously during the night following each intervention, from time to bed until wake up time in the morning (i.e. on average approximately 8hours) |
| Change in sleep efficiency defined as the ratio of total sleep time and time in bed | Sleep efficiency measured at home after each intervention with an actigraph | Continuously during the night following each intervention, from time to bed until wake up time in the morning (i.e. on average approximately 8hours) |
| Change in subjective sleep quality | Sleep quality (i.e. "How well did you sleep?" and "How recovered are you?") measured at home after each intervention with a visual analog scale (VAS). The two VAS consists each of a 10cm-horizontal line, with the left end of the lines representing low sleep quality ("slept very badly" and "not recovered at all", respectively) and the right end representing good sleep quality ("slept very well" and "completely recovered", respectively). Participants are asked to draw a vertical line in between the two ends on each of the two VAS. | Within 5 minutes after waking-up following the night after each intervention |