Ketamine effect on isoflurane anesthesia This study is designed to study the effect of ketamine on isoflurane anesthesia. As both drugs are hypnotic and are used to cause sleep during surgery and other painful procedures, it was long believed that the actions of two drugs add to each other. For example if a man received both drugs, this man will become awake from anesthesia much later than if this man was given either of them alone.

However recent studies showed that this is not the case and ketamine can cause fast recovery from hypnotic effects of isoflurane. This was confirmed in animals.

The aim of current study is to investigate if this effect applies for humans, using a state of art brain monitoring device in wide use nowadays called BIS or bispectral index. This device can also shed some light on how ketamine can cause, if any, fast recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Simply, by studying electrical wave coming from brain to head skin.

In an animal study, the authors found that intraperitoneal injection of a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine amidst isoflurane anesthesia in rats induced early recovery. A finding the authors explained, to be due to increased NMDA mediated increase of acetyl choline secretion in the prefrontal area of rats' brains. This rise, in the authors opinion, antagonized the GABA mediated isoflurane anesthesia resulting in hastened recovery. Meanwhile, the authors found association between hastened recovery and increased Electroencephalographic gamma (EEG γ) wave fronto-parietal projection. This is compatible with cognitive unbinding explanation of unconsciousness during anesthesia.

In current proposed study, the investigator will examine tow hypothesis:

Recovery time:

If the recovery hastening effect of sub anesthetic ketamine on recovery from isoflurane anesthesia is also present in human patients. The assumption will be that ketamine either prolong or has no effect on recovery time from isoflurane anesthesia. The claim well be that ketamine will decrease the recovery time.

Put in statistical terms:

H0: recovery with ketamine ≥ recovery without ketamine. H1: recovery with ketamine ˂ recovery without ketamine. 2. EEG (γ) wave activity: As the investigator will record EEG activity during the procedure via Bispectral monitor, the investigator will analyze the records for presence of enhanced (γ) activity during recovery. the investigator aim is also to detect any significant difference in (γ) wave amplitude or other characteristics between isoflurane only and ketamine group.

The assumption will be that (γ) activity will either show no difference between the two groups or be lower than in ketamine group than isoflurane group during recovery. The claim will be increased (γ) activity with ketamine group during recovery.

Put in statistical terms:

H0: (γ) activity with ketamine ≤ isoflurane only. H1: (γ) activity with ketamine > isoflurane only. N.P: as the sampling frequency of EEG data exported from BIS Vista is 128Hz, the upper limit of the current study of (γ) activity will necessarily be 64Hz.

Sample size calculation:

the mean measured variable of the current study will be the recovery time. Recovery time will be defined as the time between stop of isoflurane inhalation until recovery of verbal response to name called every 30 seconds. A 30% reduction in recovery time in ketamine group as compared with isoflurane is considered to be statically significant enough to reject the null hypothesis of recovery time. According to one study , recovery time from isoflurane only anesthesia is around 12 minutes so the sample size calculation will be as following:

Equation:

n>((ᶻ "1- α ̸2" +ᶻ"1-β" )"2" σ"2" )/δ"2" Where n = sample size required for each group, ᶻ "1-α" = the value for the standard normal distribution for (1-α̸2) percentile, ᶻ "1-β" =the standard normal distribution for 100(1-β) percentile, δ"2" = the difference to detect, σ"2" = the variance in the underling 2 population.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Consent: patient must be legally fit to consent. Informed consent will be get from each patient.
• ASA status: I or II.
• Fully conscious at time of induction of anesthesia.
• No history of side effects related to any drugs used in the study.
• Planned surgery can be performed under spinal anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

• Incompetence: failure to give informed consent or refusal.
• Neurological or psychiatric disorders
• Addiction
• Recent intake of drugs affecting central nervous system
• ASA state more than II
• Morbid obesity
• Surgery cannot solely performed under spinal anesthesia
• Contraindication to spinal anesthesia as coagulopathy

The patients well be randomized to one of the two groups by closed envelope technique. After opening the envelope, the study drug (ketamine 100µg/kg total body weight (Isoket group)) or normal saline ((Isonly) or control group) will be prepared, made up to 10 ml and administered by an assistant in the proper timing. The patient identification will be written on a slip and put back into an envelope and sealed. The person doing the procedure and monitoring along with the patient will be blinded to the dose and nature of solution. The equal volume test solution will be given intravenously by an assistant who was not involved in the administration of anesthesia and monitoring