Longitudinal, observational study to assess the short-term (test re-test) and mid-term (within the span of 28 days) repeatability of active anterior rhinomanometry (AAR) measures on 4 parallel groups of children with different rhinitis phenotypes, and 1 group of control (healthy) children.

Secondary objectives are: i) assessing of association between AAR, exhaled FeNO (eFeNO) and nasal FeNO (nFeNO); ii) assessing association between objective measurements (AAR, eFeNO and nFeNO) and subjective measurements (Total 5 Symptom score, T5SS).

The study is intended to obtain useful information for improving rhinitis management.

Healthy volunteers (HC)

The inclusion criteria for HC are:

1. Negative bronchodilator response;
2. No major nasal septum malformations.

The exclusion criteria for HC are:

1. Upper airway infections in the previous 4 weeks;
2. Active smoker;
3. Lifetime history of asthma, rhinitis, or respiratory disease symptoms.

Children with non allergic rhinitis (NAR)

The inclusion criteria for NAR are:

1.T5SS>5 in the last 4 weeks.

The exclusion criteria for NAR are:

1. At least one positive skin prick test for aeroallergens;
2. Upper airway infections in the previous 4 weeks;
3. Active smoker;
4. Major nasal septum malformations.

Rhinitis children, perennial allergy (PAR)

The inclusion criteria for PAR are:

1. T5SS>5 in the last 4 weeks.
2. At least one positive skin prick test for perennial aeroallergens;

The exclusion criteria for PAR are:

1. At least one positive skin prick test for seasonal aeroallergens;
2. Upper airway infections in the previous 4 weeks;
3. Active smoker;
4. Major nasal septum malformations.

Rhinitis children, seasonal allergy, outside season (OSR)

The inclusion criteria for OSR are:

1. T5SS>5 in the last 4 weeks.
2. At least one positive skin prick test for seasonal aeroallergens;

The exclusion criteria for OSR are:

1. At least one positive skin prick test for perennial aeroallergens;
2. Upper airway infections in the previous 4 weeks;
3. Active smoker;
4. Major nasal septum malformations.

Rhinitis children, seasonal allergy, within season (OSR)

The inclusion criteria for OSR are:

1. T5SS>5 in the last 4 weeks.
2. At least one positive skin prick test for seasonal aeroallergens;

The exclusion criteria for OSR are:

1. At least one positive skin prick test for perennial aeroallergens;
2. Upper airway infections in the previous 4 weeks;
3. Active smoker;
4. Major nasal septum malformations.

A study population of 40 rhinitis children (10 for each of 4 different rhinitis phenotypes)

attending the outpatient clinic of Pediatric Allergology & Pulmonology (PAP) within the Institute

of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) of the National Research Council (CNR) of Palermo (IBIM CNR), and a control group of 10 healthy volunteers.