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Cognitive performance is negatively related to an impaired glucose metabolism, possibly due to impairments in brain vascular function. Supported by the statement from the American Heart and Stroke Association that physical exercise is one of the most effective strategies to protect against cognitive decline, we now hypothesize that exercise-induced changes in glucose metabolism cause beneficial effects on brain vascular function thereby improving cognitive performance. The primary objective of this intervention study is thus to evaluate in sedentary elderly men the effect of a 8-week aerobic-based exercise program on cerebral blood flow, as quantified by the non-invasive gold standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) perfusion method Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL). Cerebral blood flow is a robust and sensitive physiological marker of brain vascular function. Secondary objectives are to examine effects on glucose metabolism using the oral glucose tolerance test and cognitive performance as assessed with a neurophysiological test battery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic-based exercise program | Experimental |
| |
| Control program | No Intervention | Maintenance of habitual physical activity levels |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic-based exercise program | Other | Aerobic-based exercise will be carried out on a cycling ergometer three times a week for 30 minutes at 70% of the maximal workload. Every two weeks, the maximal workload will be reassessed, and training loads will be readjusted accordingly. Fully supervised training sessions will be performed with three-to-four study participants at a time. Subjects should maintain their body weight during the intervention period. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Brain vascular function | Cerebral blood flow as quantified non-invasively by the MRI perfusion method Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose metabolism | Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Cognitive performance | Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Other physiological parameters: Peripheral vascular function | Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), carotid artery reactivity, pulse wave analysis (PWA) and velocity (PWV), and retinal images | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other physiological parameters: Blood pressure |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Peter J Joris, PhD | Maastricht University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Ronald P Mensink, PhD | Maastricht University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maastricht University Medical Center | Maastricht | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34548089 | Derived | Mashnafi S, Plat J, Mensink RP, Joris PJ, Kleinloog JPD, Baumgartner S. Effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on plasma markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis in older overweight and obese men. Lipids Health Dis. 2021 Sep 21;20(1):112. doi: 10.1186/s12944-021-01537-2. | |
| 31866855 | Derived | Kleinloog JPD, Mensink RP, Ivanov D, Adam JJ, Uludag K, Joris PJ. Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Executive Function: A Randomized, Controlled Cross-Over Trial in Sedentary Older Men. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019 Dec 4;11:333. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00333. eCollection 2019. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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Participants will follow in randomized order a tightly controlled, progressive, aerobic-based exercise program or control program for eight weeks, separated by a washout period of twelve weeks.
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| Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
Office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure |
| Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other physiological parameters: Continuous blood glucose | 36-hour glycaemic response | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other physiological parameters: Advanced glycation endproducts | Serum protein-bound advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other physiological parameters: Conventional metabolic risk markers | Lipids and lipoproteins, glucose and insulin, and markers for low-grade systemic inflammation and microvascular function | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Quality of Life | The Quality of life (QoL) will be assessed using a 32-item questionnaire | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Sleep characteristics | Sleep characteristics will be assessed using the 10-item Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Mood | Mood will be tested using the Affect Grid | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Physical fitness (1) | Incremental exhaustive exercise test (VO2 max) | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Physical fitness (2) | Timed up-and-go test (TUGT) | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Physical fitness (3) | The 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |
| Other perceivable benefits: Physical fitness (4) | Handgrip and muscle strength tests | Difference between outcomes at the end of an 8-week aerobic-based exercise and control program |