This study is aiming to evaluate the efficacy of denosumab among adult patients suffering from Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH).

The majority and diversity of clinical manifestations in LCH are attributed to immunological dysfunction resulting from langerhans cell (LC) derived cytokine secretion both at the lesional and systemic level. In a recent study, Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) was found to be abundantly expressed in cells within diverse LCH lesions from adult patients, especially in inflammatory infiltrates, a finding in line with a previously reported high osteoprotegerin (OPG) and low RANKL levels in the serum of patients with or without bone involvement. RANKL expression was associated with concomitant p65 Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NFκB) nuclear staining, the main downstream effector of RANKL signaling, suggesting that lesional cell activation may be triggered locally by RANKL. Combining the serum and the lesional results, it can be inferred that there is an ongoing process of countervailing OPG production against lesional RANKL, which could be one of the self defense mechanisms among LCH patients. Therefore, the use of denosumab seems a rational treatment option in LCH in order to support and enhance the defensive OPG action and hopefully control or even interrupt the lesional immunological process.

The primary study objective is to assess the therapeutic efficacy of denosumab 120 mg every 8 weeks (Q8W) sc in adult LCH patients.

Secondary Objectives:

1. To define an uniform treatment approach for LCH patients with mild symptoms and low risk disease.
2. To explore the efficacy of denosumab 120 mg Q8W sc in reducing disease reactivations after treatment completion.
3. To illustrate the safety profile of denosumab in LCH patients. The primary efficacy endpoint is defined as the percentage of patients with progression of disease at Month 8.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults (>18 years of age)

• Definitive diagnosis of LCH [Based on clinic-pathological evidence with microscopic examination and at least one of the following immunological staining: Langerin (CD 207) positivity, Cluster of Differentiation 1a (CD1a) positivity, Presence of Birbeck granules on electronic microscopy]

• Mild symptoms (symptoms of low intensity; no need for hospitalization) and low risk disease needing first line systemic therapy for LCH because of:

  • single system disease with multifocal lesions, or
  • single system disease with "special site" lesions (vertebral lesions with intraspinal extension, craniofacial bone lesions with soft tissue extension), or
  • multi-system disease without involvement of risk organs [hematopoietic system, spleen, liver, tumorous central nervous system (CNS)].

• Have signed the informed consent form (consent should be taken before any study-specific procedure is performed).

• A patient should undergo a PET-CT imaging test, in order for him to be deemed suitable for the study. The initial PET-CT either may have been carried out, within 3 months prior to visit 1, regardless of the diagnostic center or the type of the device, which has been used for, or may take place in the context of visit 2, at the diagnostic center(s) specialized on Nuclear Medicine, which have been partnered with the Sponsor. Whichever is the case, the initial PET-CT report should be legible and accurate, so that to be assessed by the qualified physician, responsible for the PET-CT test at the partnered diagnostic center(s).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Symptomatic multi system LCH - no risk organs involved.
• Multi-system LCH (with or without symptoms) - risk organs involved.
• Isolated pulmonary LCH disease
• Previous administration of denosumab from clinical trials or other use (e.g. commercial use).
• Current participation in another clinical trial or having received any investigational product within the last 3 months.
• Impaired renal function as determined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≤ 30 mL/min/1,73m2 [using the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology, (CKD-EPI) formula].
• Patients that have received oral bisphosphonates within 6 months of study enrollment or intravenous bisphosphonates, fluoride and strontium ranelate within 1 year of study enrollment.
• Treatment with immune suppressive agents within 4 weeks from baseline evaluation.
• Patients with severe impairment of clinical condition including: severely impaired pulmonary function [for example total lung capacity (TLC)<60%, forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1)<30%, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO)<30%, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)<55 mmHg), long term oxygen therapy or cor pulmonale.
• Known to have a liver failure or chronic hepatic disease e.g. cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis; or elevated transaminases defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 2 fold the upper limit of normal laboratory range.
• Heart failure [New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification above 2].
• Patients with life expectancy of less than one year.
• Female subjects of childbearing potential who refuse to use a reliable contraceptive method throughout the study, defined as use of 2 highly effective forms of contraception and continuation of use for 7 months after last administration of study drug. Birth control methods that can achieve a failure rate of less than 1% per year, when used consistently and correctly, are considered as highly effective.
• Pregnancy, planning a pregnancy or currently lactating
• Severe concurrent illness which in the investigator's opinion may confound patient evaluation, e.g. malignancy (except basal cell carcinoma, cervical or breast ductal carcinoma in situ) within the last 5 years.
• Known alcohol or drug abuse.
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH derivatives, teriparatide, odanacatib, anabolic steroids, testosterone, glucocorticosteroids (> 5 mg/day of prednisone equivalent for > 10 days), systemic hormone-replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), raloxifene, tibolone, calcitonin use within the last 6 weeks.
• Evidence of hyper- or hypothyroidism; patients with an abnormal thyroid stimulate hormone (TSH) level on thyroid treatment (patients on stable thyroid treatment with a normal TSH allowed); current hyper- or hypoparathyroidism; current hyper or hypocalcemia (hypercalcemia based on albumin adjusted serum calcium > 10.40 mg/dL; hypocalcemia based on albumin adjusted serum calcium < 8.5 mg/dL); vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxy vitamin D level < 20 ng/mL; if the resulted value of the retest is 20 ≥ ng/Ml, after repletion with 50,000 - 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol, subject will be allowed. The retest should be carried out within 30 days post to visit 1(screening)); rheumatoid arthritis; Paget's disease; any known bone disease with osteolytic and/or osteoblastic lesions that would interfere with interpretation of findings.
• Known sensitivity to mammalian cells, denosumab or any components of denosumab 120mg, or any of the products to be administered during the study (e.g., calcium or vitamin D).
• History of any Solid Organ or Bone Marrow Transplant.
• History of osteonecrosis of the jaw, and/or recent tooth extraction or other dental surgery; or planned invasive dental work during the study.
• Intolerance to calcium supplements.
• Malabsorption syndrome; severe malabsorption including Celiac disease, Short Bowel Syndrome, Crohn's disease, Previous Gastric Bypass.](streamdown:incomplete-link)