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The majority of women (> 60%) developed hypothermia and shivering during cesarean delivery. Core hypothermia may be associated with a number of adverse outcomes in patients, including shivering, wound infection, coagulopathy, increased blood loss and transfusion requirements, decreased metabolism and prolonged recovery. Shivering can result in interference with monitoring, increased tension on wound edges, and increased oxygen consumption.
A previous study has shown several modalities to prevent hypothermia and shivering in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. But, single modality intervention have shown marginal or no efficacy.
Neuraxial anesthesia reduces the threshold for vasoconstriction and shivering. It often also produces a lower body sympathectomy that provokes a core to peripheral redistribution of body heat. It is difficult to treat the core to peripheral redistribution of body heat. However redistribution can be prevented by preanesthetic cutaneous warming. Prewarming hardly changes core temperature that remains well regulated, but it markedly increases peripheral tissue heat content. As a result, prewarming reduces the core to peripheral tissue temperature gradient and the propensity for redistribution after the induction of anesthesia.
We therefore hypothesized that Combined modality active warming consisting of preoperative 15 min of surface warming using a forced air warmer before spinal anesthesia and coloading of warmed intravenous fluid might reduce perioperative hypothermia and shivering in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Additionally, We tested the hypothesis that maintaining maternal normothermia increases newborn temperature and Apgar scores.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active warming | preoperative 15 min of surface warming using a forced air warmer before spinal anesthesia and coloading of warmed intravenous fluid |
| |
| Control | no preoperative warming and room temperature intravenous fluid |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prewarming using forced air warmer, warmed intravenous fluid | Behavioral | Combined modality active warming consisting of preoperative 15 min of surface warming using a forced air warmer before spinal anesthesia and coloading of warmed intravenous fluid in active warming group |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| incidence of hypothermia and shivering | immediately after arrival at the postanesthesia care unit |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| temperature of newborn | immediately after delivery of newborn |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients scheduled for cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Eun Mi Choi, MD | Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kangnam sacred heart hospital | Seoul | Yeongdeungpo-gu | KS013 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22926250 | Result | Carpenter L, Baysinger CL. Maintaining perioperative normothermia in the patient undergoing cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012 Jul;67(7):436-46. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3182605ccd. | |
| 8606715 | Result | Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 9;334(19):1209-15. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605093341901. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007035 | Hypothermia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001832 | Body Temperature Changes |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| 9087467 | Result | Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, Higgins MS, Olson KF, Kelly S, Beattie C. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1997 Apr 9;277(14):1127-34. |
| 8569362 | Result | Schmied H, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Kozek S, Reiter A. Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty. Lancet. 1996 Feb 3;347(8997):289-92. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90466-3. |
| 15861196 | Result | Knobel RB, Wimmer JE Jr, Holbert D. Heat loss prevention for preterm infants in the delivery room. J Perinatol. 2005 May;25(5):304-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211289. |
| 16533632 | Result | Watkinson M. Temperature control of premature infants in the delivery room. Clin Perinatol. 2006 Mar;33(1):43-53, vi. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2005.11.018. |
| 17959975 | Result | Butwick AJ, Lipman SS, Carvalho B. Intraoperative forced air-warming during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia does not prevent maternal hypothermia. Anesth Analg. 2007 Nov;105(5):1413-9, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000286167.96410.27. |
| 19502035 | Result | Yokoyama K, Suzuki M, Shimada Y, Matsushima T, Bito H, Sakamoto A. Effect of administration of pre-warmed intravenous fluids on the frequency of hypothermia following spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth. 2009 Jun;21(4):242-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.12.010. Epub 2009 Jun 6. |
| 26895002 | Result | Cobb B, Cho Y, Hilton G, Ting V, Carvalho B. Active Warming Utilizing Combined IV Fluid and Forced-Air Warming Decreases Hypothermia and Improves Maternal Comfort During Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Control Trial. Anesth Analg. 2016 May;122(5):1490-7. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001181. |
| 11812709 | Result | Horn EP, Schroeder F, Gottschalk A, Sessler DI, Hiltmeyer N, Standl T, Schulte am Esch J. Active warming during cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2002 Feb;94(2):409-14, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200202000-00034. |
| 7486181 | Result | Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Christensen R, Ozaki M, Schroeder M. Heat flow and distribution during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1995 Nov;83(5):961-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199511000-00008. |
| 7879935 | Result | Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Sessler AM, Schroeder M, Ozaki M, Kurz A, Cheng C. Heat flow and distribution during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1995 Mar;82(3):662-73. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199503000-00008. |
| 11707791 | Result | Rajek A, Greif R, Sessler DI. Effects of epidural anesthesia on thermal sensation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001 Nov-Dec;26(6):527-31. doi: 10.1053/rapm.2001.25924. |
| 22679543 | Result | Chung SH, Lee BS, Yang HJ, Kweon KS, Kim HH, Song J, Shin DW. Effect of preoperative warming during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012 May;62(5):454-60. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2012.62.5.454. Epub 2012 May 24. |
| 30985539 | Derived | Jun JH, Chung MH, Jun IJ, Kim Y, Kim H, Kim JH, Choi YR, Choi EM. Efficacy of forced-air warming and warmed intravenous fluid for prevention of hypothermia and shivering during caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2019 Jun;36(6):442-448. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000990. |