Organ transplantation has become an effective therapy for patients with end-stage organ failure at present. Rejection is still the most common cause of early dysfunction after organ transplantation. A large number of experimental and clinical data are suggesting that the formation of microchimer can successfully achieve donor-specific immune tolerance after transplantation. The formation of microchimerism may be one of the long-term survival mechanisms of transplantation, and the detection of microchimerism after transplantation can effectively predict the rejection of grafts. Scientists from Stanford University in the United States continued to report in 2014 and 2015 that using a new generation of high-throughput sequencing technology (NGS) to detect the level of free DNA from donor in blood plasma of recipients after cardiac and lung transplantation. The investigators found the level of free DNA in donor significantly increased when acute or chronic rejection happens, thus it may be used as a reflection of rejection or graft injury markers.

It has been reported that microchimerization and donor free DNA levels are associated with rejection after organ transplantation, but these studies are mostly based on a small number of cases and the results of which re qualitative and can not provide a specific microchimerization rate due to limited detection techniques. Therefore, in order to clarify the role of microchimerism and the level of cell-free DNA in donor in organ transplantation tolerance, it is necessary to use a new generation of detection technology for multi-center study with large samples.

Clinical trial was used to evaluate the clinical prediction and diagnostic value of microchimerization rate and donor cfDNA for acute rejection after organ transplantation.

950 cases of organ transplantation, of which 600 cases of renal transplantation, 300 cases of liver transplantation and 50 cases of lung transplantation.8 ml peripheral blood was collected in 1 tubes with EDTA anticoagulation. The timing of the collection was as follows: Patients with routine treatment after transplantation were preformed once every one weeks for one months and then every 3 month until the one year. In case of acute rejection, the additional blood was collected once on the day of diagnosis, and once after the treatment remission. All the samples were detected for microchimerism and cfDNA.

Organ transplantation has become an effective therapy for patients with end-stage organ failure at present. Since the launch of pilot voluntary organ donation after death of citizens in 2010, the voluntary organ donation has become the only legitimate source of organ transplants in 2015, and the transition from relying on the judicial channels to obtain the organs to voluntary donation of citizens has been successfully achieved in China, donation cases and the number increased year by year. At present, the annual number of organ transplantation in China has exceeded 10,000 cases, of which kidney transplantation and liver transplantation were in the lead, respectively with more than 5000 cases and 2000 cases.

Rejection is still the most common cause of early dysfunction after organ transplantation, and the mismatching of major histocompatibility antigens (MHC, human MHC, also known as HLA) of the donor and recipient is the major cause of rejection after transplantation. Therefore, the importance of matching in organ transplantation has been widely accepted. HLA typing and HLA high resolution typing are becoming more and more common. At the same time, the latest international research shows that low-resolution HLA typing in organ transplantation also can cause significant rejection, while HLA high-resolution typing, the future trend, can improve the overall survival rate. Furthermore, NGS high-throughput sequencing will push HLA high-resolution classification to a new height.

Besides HLA matching, recipients can set up specific immune tolerance to donor grafts which will significantly affect long-term survival after operation. A large number of experimental and clinical data have suggested that the microchimerism formation can successfully facilitate donor-specific immune tolerance after transplantation. Chimera refers to the condition of the cells from the donor and from the recipient coexist and move to each other as that the donor cells exist in the recipient body after receiving the allograft or xenograft transplantation and the recipient cells exist in the graft as well. Among them, microchimera refers to the low levels of donor cells (usually less than 0.01%) in the peripheral blood circulation of transplant recipients, which is commonly seen in the patients with solid organ transplantation. The concept of microchimerism was first proposed by Thomas Starzl in the Medicine School of University of Pittsburgh in the 1990s, which pointed out that between the microchimerism and transplant immune tolerance lie a possible cause and effect relationship. The long-standing presence of microchimerism can lead to the recipient's tolerance to the donor organ. The more passer-by cells the organ has, the more cells it shifts out, making it easier to form transplantation tolerance, which explains the phenomenon of the mildest rejection after liver transplantation.

Several methods have been found to induce microchimerism, including donor-specific transfusion, donor bone marrow cell infusion, donor leukocyte infusion, spleen slice combined with organ transplantation and so on.

The formation of microchimerism is probably one of the long-term survival mechanisms of the transplanted graft, and the detection of microchimerism after transplantation can effectively predict the immune tolerance and rejection of the graft, while there is no very effective quantitation method.. In addition, the relationship between microchimerism and immunotolerance remains questionable, such as to what level of the clinical microchimerism formation that suggests stable immune tolerance, and whether it is possible to determine the withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents by the detection of microchimerism and etc., these are urgent problems remained to be solved and clarified. Based on the Insertion Deletion (InDel) site combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the detection sensitivity can reach 0.001% to 0.01%, which can accurately quantify the microchimerism level and dynamically monitor microchimerism after the transplantation.

At the same time, scientists from Stanford University in the United States continued to report in 2014 and 2015 that using a new generation of high-throughput sequencing technology (NGS) to detect the level of donor derived cell free DNA(cf DNA) in blood plasma of recipients after cardiac and lung transplantation. The investigators found that the level of donor-derived cf DNA was significantly increased when acute or chronic rejection happens, thus it could be used as a marker to reflect rejection or graft injury.

It has been reported that microchimerization and donor-cfDNA levels are correlated with rejection after organ transplantation, but these studies are mostly based on a small number of cases and the results of which are qualitative or with low resolution value due to limited detection techniques thus can not provide a specific microchimerism rate.

Therefore, The investigators need to clarify the role of microchimerism and the level of donor -derived cf DNA during graft injury as well as rejection after transplantation using a new generation of detection technology for multi-center study with large sample size.

In this study, 950 cases of organ transplantation, of which 600 cases of renal transplantation, 300 cases of liver transplantation and 50 cases of lung transplantation will be recruited and detected. 8 ml peripheral blood will be collected in 1 tubes with EDTA anticoagulation. The time points of the collection are as follows: Patients with routine treatment after transplantation are preformed once a week for 1 month and then at 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation. In case of acute rejection, the additional blood will be collected once on the day of diagnosis, and once after 7 days treatment remission. All the samples were detected for microchimerism and cfDNA.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Single-organ transplant recipients aged above 18 years old Recipients of re-do organ transplants
• Recipients with no systemic acute or chronic infections, infectious diseases;
• Recipients with no severe systemic diseases and/or spiritual system diseases
• Recipients or families signed the consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Organ transplant recipients whose donor is child (under the age of 18 years old)
• Patients wait-listed for multiple organ transplantation
• Unable or unwilling to follow up regularly

aged above 18 years old single organ transplant patients (first or again); Guardian or self-signed informed consent.