The investigators will conduct two rural surveys in Thailand and Lao PDR to improve the understanding of antibiotic-related health behaviour among the general population. One survey will capture a cross-section of health behaviours that is representative for the rural population in Chiang Rai (Thailand) and Salavan (Lao PDR), the other survey will create a two round village-level panel data set to study the evolution of health behaviours in the context of public engagement activities. The investigators will also collect complementary data about village-level infrastructure through observational check-lists, and collect secondary data on patient load from primary care units catering to their survey villages. As part of the questionnaire testing process, the investigators will conduct (and collect as primary data) cognitive interviews to improve the survey tool, to interpret their data, and to justify their methodological choices.

The investigators will collect two data sets each in Lao PDR and Thailand: the first contains district-level representative health behaviour of approx. 2,400 adults across 30 rural communities per country (4,800 in total; representing rural populations of approx. 1-2 million adults); the second is a complete social network census of approx. 1600 adults each in three rural communities per country (approx. 4,800 in total). Within the sampled villages, the investigators will complete checklists about existing formal and informal healthcare facilities and gather patient load data from primary care units catering to the respective villages. As part of the questionnaire testing process, the investigators will conduct (and collect as primary data) cognitive interviews to improve the survey tool, to interpret our data, and to justify our methodological choices. The investigators will carry out the district-level village survey in one round, and the village-level social network censuses in two rounds. Between the two village social network censuses, the investigators will engage in public engagement activities in the selected villages (focused on antibiotic use) and re-survey all adults in the three villages per country two to three months later.

Objectives:

The primary objective is to improve the understanding of patients' antibiotic-related behaviour to support creative thinking about targeted and unconventional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

The investigators strive to achieve this primary objective by informing three research questions in Chiang Rai (Thailand) and Salavan (Lao PDR):

1. What are the manifestations and determinants of problematic antibiotic use in patients' healthcare-seeking pathways?
2. Will people's exposure to antibiotic awareness activities entail changed behaviours that diffuse or dissipate within a network of competing healthcare practices?
3. Which proxy indicators facilitate the detection of problematic antibiotic behaviours across and within communities?

Inclusion Criteria:

• Any villager in rural Chiang Rai (Thailand) or Salavan (Lao PDR) who had been sampled to participate in the survey
• Is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study
• Is aged 18 years and above

Exclusion Criteria:

• Respondent is not available or able to participate in interview after two attempts to arrange for appointment

Groups included in this study comprise adults (aged 18 years and above) in rural Lao PDR (Salavan) and in rural Thailand (Chiang Rai). As a general population survey, the study does not involve a control group. Please note that the investigators do not interview patients; the investigators involve only healthy members of the general public who consider themselves fit to be interviewed.

Sampling method:

1.3-stage stratified random cluster sampling 2.Complete census of all adults among 3 purposively sampled villages per country

Data collected for this study will be de-identified and may be shared with other groups of researchers in accordance with the current MORU Data Sharing Policy provided the respondents consented to data sharing. Specifically, the investigators aim to make their survey data publicly available on the UK Data Service and other local and regional data sharing platforms like the Thai data service in order to enable other researchers the opportunity to study antibiotic-related behaviour in Thailand and Lao PDR.

Data access on the UK Data Service will be free and without a case-by-case assessment, provided repository users agree to the terms and conditions of the UK Data Service and to cite the data sources in all publications emerging from the data, using suggested citations. Data preparation and documentation process will commence in May 2018; deposition will take place within three months of project completion. The data sets will also be utilised as training resources in the context of global health education and social network analysis

Direct access will be granted to authorised representatives from the sponsor or host institution for monitoring and/or audit of the study to ensure compliance with regulations. Following data entry and validation, we will deposit the de-identified quantitative survey data with the UK Data Service for open access. Data access will be free and without a case-by-case assessment, provided repository users agree to the terms and conditions of the UK Data Service and to cite the data sources in all publications emerging from the data, using suggested citations (see Section 10.6 on Data Sharing for further details). The qualitative data from the cognitive interviews will not be made open access or shared with other researchers.