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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC | INDUSTRY |
| Thomas Jefferson University | OTHER |
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The study consists of two arms (PHARM and PEER) designed to educate participants about three vaccine-preventable diseases (zoster, pneumonia, and influenza) and vaccination. PHARM will consist of a 60-minute presentation about the three vaccine-preventable diseases and their vaccinations delivered by a pharmacist, featuring a didactic lecture and discussion supplemented by video clips of community members discussing their experiences around vaccination, as well as physicians underscoring the importance of vaccination. PEER will consist of a 60-minute small-group session led by a peer educator which includes scripted roleplaying exercises designed to reinforce learnings pertaining to these three vaccine-preventable diseases and their vaccinations. The components of these interventions will be designed to address specific barriers to vaccination identified by literature search and our prior work in the area of community-based vaccine education. Both arms will focus primarily on pneumococcal disease and zoster but will include limited content on influenza because participants are likely to have questions about how the flu and its vaccination differ from pneumococcal diseases and zoster. The study will be implemented in an older, predominantly African-American (AA) population, consistent with our prior work in this area.
In the pharmacist-led ("PHARM") intervention group, participants will be given a 60-minute formal didactic presentation on vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination. This presentation will be designed to address knowledge and beliefs related to zoster, pneumonia, and influenza, as well as barriers to receiving vaccination. It will be delivered by a pharmacist, will be appropriate for the participants' educational level, and will aim to establish an understanding of vaccine-preventable illnesses. The presentation will specifically discuss the following: causes, symptoms and potential complications of infections in the three diseases of interest (pneumococcal disease, zoster, and influenza); risk factors for developing the infections; incidence and prevalence of each disease of interest; modes of transmission; and disease prevention through vaccination. To improve the interactivity of the presentation, brief 30-60 second video clips excerpted from interviews with community members and physicians will be shown. Community member clips will consist of older adults from the African-American (AA) population who have experienced vaccine-preventable infections. These clips will provide culturally relevant testimony to the program audience and reinforce participant understanding of concepts introduced during didactic teaching.
In the peer-led ("PEER") intervention, peer educators will be recruited from an experienced cohort of peer educators at our senior center partner site. A pharmacist will train the peer educators about vaccine-preventable diseases over the course of two didactic sessions. Following this training, a third session will be held to train the peer educators on the script that they will deliver to participants. The script will include the key learning points to be taught by the peer educators to participants about vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination. The script will also include roleplay exercises. In the roleplay exercises, 3 scripted vaccination-related scenarios (one for each disease of interest) will be acted out by participants to illustrate scenarios participants might encounter when interacting with healthcare providers or friends/family. The skit and roleplay exercises will be practiced as needed, under the leadership of the senior center's project manager, to ensure that the peer educators are confident and consistent when delivering PEER. After completing the training, peer educators' competency on PEER program content will be assessed through a formal multiple-choice knowledge test. Each peer educator must achieve a minimum score of 80% correct over all items assessed, and 100% correct for all items deemed "core" knowledge. Once peer educator competency has been established, each peer educator will deliver PEER through a 60-minute small group session. During this session, peer educators will deliver the educational objectives through an informal discussion and will lead the group through the roleplay exercises. Participants will then be asked what key points they learned about vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines. Finally, the peer educator will engage in a dialogue to clarify and summarize these key points.
Objectives are:
Hypotheses supporting these objective are:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM) | Active Comparator | In the PHARM intervention group, participants will be given a 60-minute formal presentation on vaccine-preventable diseases to address knowledge and beliefs related to zoster, pneumonia, and influenza and to address barriers to receiving vaccination. In several studies, it has been demonstrated that those who believe it is wise to receive vaccinations and those that have discussed vaccination with their healthcare provider are more likely to receive a vaccine. |
|
| Peer-led Intervention (PEER) | Experimental | A pharmacist will train the peer educators about vaccine-preventable diseases over the course of two didactic sessions. Following this training, a third session will be held to train the peer educators on the script that they will deliver to participants. The script will include the key learning points to be taught by the peer educators to participants about vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination. The script will also include role-play exercises. In the role-play exercises, 3 vaccination-related scenarios (one for each disease- zoster, pneumonia, and influenza) will be delivered to illustrate situations participants might encounter when interacting with healthcare providers or friends/family. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM) | Behavioral | 60 minute didactic lecture about vaccinations. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Change in Knowledge and Awareness About Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | Knowledge and awareness about the target vaccine-preventable diseases was assessed at each timepoint using the VEPSC Knowledge Instrument, a 3-section, 22-item instrument categorical response instrument. Scores consist of number of correct responses to the questions on the knowledge instrument, thus a higher score indicates better performance. Four scores are possible: three disease-specific subscores (one each for pneumonia, influenza, and zoster) and one total score (equaling the sum of the three disease-specific subscores). Possible score ranges are as follows: pneumonia 0-7; influenza 0-7; zoster 0-8; total 0-22. For each score type, pairwise score differences were calculated between all 3 timepoints (baseline, post-test, and one-month follow-up). Positive values indicate increased knowledge among participants; negative values indicate decreased knowledge. | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Within-Group Changes in Beliefs About Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Vaccines | Beliefs about vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination were assessed via agreement with 5 statements scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1-Completely disagree, 2-Somewhat disagree, 3-Somewhat agree, 4-Completely agree) at each timepoint. The changes in beliefs between baseline, post-intervention, and the one-month follow-up were assessed in both PHARM and PEER groups. Pairwise Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were run comparing within-group changes in beliefs across timepoints and applying the Bonferroni correction (α=0.05/3=0.0167). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Laura T Pizzi, PharmD, MPH | Rutgers University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rutgers University | Piscataway | New Jersey | 08854 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Prioli K, Schafer J, Fields Harris L, McCoy M, Barber E, Marthol-Clark M, Pizzi LT. Awareness and beliefs about pneumococcal and influenza vaccination among older African Americans: Results from a survey of community-dwelling participants at an urban senior center. Poster presented at: The 18th Annual International Meeting of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research; May 20, 2013; New Orleans, Louisiana. | ||
| 25233284 | Background | Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, Gierke R, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Hadler S, Pilishvili T; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged >/=65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Sep 19;63(37):822-5. | |
| Background | Forbes HJ, Thomas SL, Langen SM. The epidemiology and prevention of herpes zoster. Curr Derm Rep 2012;1:39-47 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: What You Need to Know. | View source |
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No IPD will be made available to any researchers external to this study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM) | In the PHARM intervention group, participants will be given a 60-minute formal presentation on vaccine-preventable diseases to address knowledge and beliefs related to zoster, pneumonia, and influenza and to address barriers to receiving vaccination. In several studies, it has been demonstrated that those who believe it is wise to receive vaccinations and those that have discussed vaccination with their healthcare provider are more likely to receive a vaccine. Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM): 60 minute didactic lecture about vaccinations. |
| FG001 | Peer-led Intervention (PEER) | A pharmacist will train the peer educators about vaccine-preventable diseases over the course of two didactic sessions. Following this training, a third session will be held to train the peer educators on the script that they will deliver to participants. The script will include the key learning points to be taught by the peer educators to participants about vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination. The script will also include role-play exercises. In the role-play exercises, 3 vaccination-related scenarios (one for each disease- zoster, pneumonia, and influenza) will be delivered to illustrate situations participants might encounter when interacting with healthcare providers or friends/family. Peer-led Intervention (PEER): 60 minute peer led small group intervention including skits and other educational material |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM) | In the PHARM intervention group, participants will be given a 60-minute formal presentation on vaccine-preventable diseases to address knowledge and beliefs related to zoster, pneumonia, and influenza and to address barriers to receiving vaccination. In several studies, it has been demonstrated that those who believe it is wise to receive vaccinations and those that have discussed vaccination with their healthcare provider are more likely to receive a vaccine. Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM): 60 minute didactic lecture about vaccinations. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Mean Change in Knowledge and Awareness About Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | Knowledge and awareness about the target vaccine-preventable diseases was assessed at each timepoint using the VEPSC Knowledge Instrument, a 3-section, 22-item instrument categorical response instrument. Scores consist of number of correct responses to the questions on the knowledge instrument, thus a higher score indicates better performance. Four scores are possible: three disease-specific subscores (one each for pneumonia, influenza, and zoster) and one total score (equaling the sum of the three disease-specific subscores). Possible score ranges are as follows: pneumonia 0-7; influenza 0-7; zoster 0-8; total 0-22. For each score type, pairwise score differences were calculated between all 3 timepoints (baseline, post-test, and one-month follow-up). Positive values indicate increased knowledge among participants; negative values indicate decreased knowledge. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Scores on a scale | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
|
Not Applicable - Study was a minimal-risk educational intervention.
The study was an educational intervention deemed to present minimal risk to subjects. No adverse events were possible with this study. All-cause mortality, serious and other (not including serious) adverse events were not monitored.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM) | In the PHARM intervention group, participants will be given a 60-minute formal presentation on vaccine-preventable diseases to address knowledge and beliefs related to zoster, pneumonia, and influenza and to address barriers to receiving vaccination. In several studies, it has been demonstrated that those who believe it is wise to receive vaccinations and those that have discussed vaccination with their healthcare provider are more likely to receive a vaccine. Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM): 60 minute didactic lecture about vaccinations. |
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Study results may not be generalizable to non-Black subpopulations. Real number receiving the vaccination could be either higher or lower than reported due to self-report. Peer leader trust might have already been established prior to the study.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laura T. Pizzi, PharmD, MPH | Rutgers University Center for Health Outcomes, Policy, & Economics | 8484456825 | laura.pizzi@rutgers.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | May 1, 2017 | Mar 10, 2020 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Mar 6, 2020 | Mar 10, 2020 | SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003141 | Communicable Diseases |
| D018410 | Pneumonia, Bacterial |
| D007251 | Influenza, Human |
| D002644 | Chickenpox |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007239 | Infections |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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The design is a randomized trial with randomization to PHARM or PEER performed at the program date level.
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| Peer-led Intervention (PEER) | Behavioral | 60 minute peer led small group intervention including skits and other educational material |
|
| Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
| Cost Analysis | Measure the program costs of PHARM and PEER from the senior center perspective. Costs were measured in total for each group, and per-participant costs were calculated by dividing total group cost by group sample size. Outcome measure type is thus reported as "number" rather than choosing measures of central tendency and dispersion/precision (i.e., there are no standard deviations, confidence intervals, or ranges with this methodology). | Measured after completion of all programs in both groups (an average of one year). |
| Number of Participants Reporting Program Satisfaction | Satisfaction was assessed on the post-intervention and one-month follow-up surveys using two statements that were each scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1-Completely disagree, 2-Somewhat disagree, 3-Somewhat agree, 4-Completely agree). The statements were: 1) "The educational program kept me interested or engaged" and 2) "I was satisfied with the content of the educational program". At each timepoint, responses were dichotomized as "agree" (comprising the "Somewhat agree" and "Completely agree" response options) and "disagree" (comprising the "Somewhat disagree" and "Completely disagree" response options), and these dichotomous responses were compared between PHARM and PEER via Fisher's exact test. | Measured immediately post-intervention (PT) and at 1 month follow-up (1M) |
| Number of Participants Planning to Receive Each Vaccine | Compare the number of participants planning to receive vaccine in PHARM vs. PEER at each timepoint as assessed by the activation questionnaire | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
| Number of Participants Reporting Positive Vaccination Status at Each Timepoint | Compare the number participants reporting positive vaccination status in PHARM vs. PEER at each timepoint as assessed by the activation questionnaire | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
| Number of Participants Planning to Discuss Vaccines With Others as Assessed by the Activation Questionnaire | Compare the number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with doctor, pharmacist, or family/friends in PHARM vs. PEER at each timepoint | Baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 1 month follow-up |
| Number of Participants Having Discussed Vaccines With Others at One-month Follow-up as Assessed by the Activation Questionnaire | Compare the number of participants reporting that they have discussed vaccines with their doctor, pharmacist, or family/friends at the one-month follow-up for PHARM vs. PEER | One-month follow-up (1M) |
| 17976353 | Background | Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Nov;82(11):1341-9. doi: 10.4065/82.11.1341. |
| 20863322 | Background | Schmader KE, Johnson GR, Saddier P, Ciarleglio M, Wang WW, Zhang JH, Chan IS, Yeh SS, Levin MJ, Harbecke RM, Oxman MN; Shingles Prevention Study Group. Effect of a zoster vaccine on herpes zoster-related interference with functional status and health-related quality-of-life measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Sep;58(9):1634-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03021.x. |
| 25654611 | Background | Williams WW, Lu PJ, O'Halloran A, Bridges CB, Kim DK, Pilishvili T, Hales CM, Markowitz LE; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vaccination coverage among adults, excluding influenza vaccination - United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Feb 6;64(4):95-102. |
| 25516025 | Background | Pizzi LT, Jutkowitz E, Frick KD, Suh DC, Prioli KM, Gitlin LN. Cost-effectiveness of a community-integrated home-based depression intervention in older African Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Dec;62(12):2288-95. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13146. |
| 24026257 | Background | Gitlin LN, Harris LF, McCoy MC, Chernett NL, Pizzi LT, Jutkowitz E, Hess E, Hauck WW. A home-based intervention to reduce depressive symptoms and improve quality of life in older African Americans: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Aug 20;159(4):243-52. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00005. |
| 22325065 | Background | Gitlin LN, Harris LF, McCoy M, Chernett NL, Jutkowitz E, Pizzi LT; Beat the Blues Team. A community-integrated home based depression intervention for older African Americans: [corrected] description of the Beat the Blues randomized trial and intervention costs. BMC Geriatr. 2012 Feb 10;12:4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-4. |
| 26950056 | Background | Hark L, Waisbourd M, Myers JS, Henderer J, Crews JE, Saaddine JB, Molineaux J, Johnson D, Sembhi H, Stratford S, Suleiman A, Pizzi L, Spaeth GL, Katz LJ. Improving Access to Eye Care among Persons at High-Risk of Glaucoma in Philadelphia--Design and Methodology: The Philadelphia Glaucoma Detection and Treatment Project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23(2):122-130. doi: 10.3109/09286586.2015.1099683. Epub 2016 Mar 7. |
| 26950579 | Background | Waisbourd M, Shafa A, Delvadia R, Sembhi H, Molineaux J, Henderer J, Pizzi LT, Myers JS, Hark LA, Katz LJ. Bilateral Same-day Laser Peripheral Iridotomy in the Philadelphia Glaucoma Detection and Treatment Project. J Glaucoma. 2016 Oct;25(10):e821-e825. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000409. |
| Background | Alcusky MJ, Cannon-Dang E, Steele D, Schafer JJ, DeSimone Jr. JA, Pizzi LT. Cost of a pharmacist-led pneumonia education and immunization program for older Philadelphians. Poster presentation at the ISPOR 20th Annual International Meeting, May 16-20 2015 Philadelphia, PA. |
| Background | Schafer JJ, Steele D, Marthol MM, Harris LF, Pizzi LT. Knowledge gaps about pneumonia in older adults: results from the pharmacists' pneumonia prevention project. Poster presentation at the ISPOR 20th Annual International Meeting, May 16-20, 2015 Philadelphia, PA. |
| Background | Pizzi LT, Steele D, Sembhi H, Hark L, Waisbourd M, Katz LJ. Cost analysis of the Philadelphia glaucoma community detection and treatment project. Poster presentation at the ISPOR 20th Annual International Meeting, May 16-20, 2015 Philadelphia, PA. |
| 23913106 | Background | Luque JS, Ross L, Gwede CK. Qualitative systematic review of barber-administered health education, promotion, screening and outreach programs in African-American communities. J Community Health. 2014 Feb;39(1):181-90. doi: 10.1007/s10900-013-9744-3. |
| 24768037 | Background | Linnan LA, D'Angelo H, Harrington CB. A literature synthesis of health promotion research in salons and barbershops. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Jul;47(1):77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.007. Epub 2014 Apr 24. |
| 22551013 | Background | Schulman-Green D, Jaser S, Martin F, Alonzo A, Grey M, McCorkle R, Redeker NS, Reynolds N, Whittemore R. Processes of self-management in chronic illness. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2012 Jun;44(2):136-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2012.01444.x. Epub 2012 May 2. |
| 20024709 | Background | Swendeman D, Ingram BL, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Common elements in self-management of HIV and other chronic illnesses: an integrative framework. AIDS Care. 2009 Oct;21(10):1321-34. doi: 10.1080/09540120902803158. |
| 11833523 | Background | Kennedy DT, Small RE. Development and implementation of a smoking cessation clinic in community pharmacy practice. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002 Jan-Feb;42(1):83-92. doi: 10.1331/108658002763538116. |
| 18595820 | Background | American Pharmacists Association; National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation. Medication therapy management in pharmacy practice: core elements of an MTM service model (version 2.0). J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 May-Jun;48(3):341-53. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2008.08514. |
| 20814406 | Background | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Updated recommendations for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Sep 3;59(34):1102-6. |
| 24884433 | Background | Schneeberg A, Bettinger JA, McNeil S, Ward BJ, Dionne M, Cooper C, Coleman B, Loeb M, Rubinstein E, McElhaney J, Scheifele DW, Halperin SA. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of older adults about pneumococcal immunization, a Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) investigation. BMC Public Health. 2014 May 12;14:442. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-442. |
| 19071175 | Background | Lu PJ, Euler GL, Jumaan AO, Harpaz R. Herpes zoster vaccination among adults aged 60 years or older in the United States, 2007: uptake of the first new vaccine to target seniors. Vaccine. 2009 Feb 5;27(6):882-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.077. Epub 2008 Dec 9. |
| 18419400 | Background | Hurley LP, Harpaz R, Daley MF, Crane LA, Beaty BL, Barrow J, Babbel C, Marin M, Steiner JF, Davidson A, Dickinson LM, Kempe A. National survey of primary care physicians regarding herpes zoster and the herpes zoster vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S216-23. doi: 10.1086/522153. |
| 20439573 | Background | Hurley LP, Lindley MC, Harpaz R, Stokley S, Daley MF, Crane LA, Dong F, Beaty BL, Tan L, Babbel C, Dickinson LM, Kempe A. Barriers to the use of herpes zoster vaccine. Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 4;152(9):555-60. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00005. |
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| 12366627 | Background | Santibanez TA, Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK, Jewell IK, Bardella IJ, Wilson SA, Terry MA. Knowledge and beliefs about influenza, pneumococcal disease, and immunizations among older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Oct;50(10):1711-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50466.x. |
| 37523315 | Derived | Prioli KM, Akincigil A, Namvar T, Mitchell-Williams J, Schafer JJ, Cunningham RC, Fields-Harris L, McCoy M, Vertsman R, Guesnier A, Pizzi LT. Addressing racial inequality and its effects on vaccination rate: A trial comparing a pharmacist and peer educational program (MOTIVATE) in diverse older adults. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2023 Aug;29(8):970-980. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.8.970. |
| Immunization Action Coalition. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination Pocket Guide. | View source |
| BG001 | Peer-led Intervention (PEER) | A pharmacist will train the peer educators about vaccine-preventable diseases over the course of two didactic sessions. Following this training, a third session will be held to train the peer educators on the script that they will deliver to participants. The script will include the key learning points to be taught by the peer educators to participants about vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination. The script will also include role-play exercises. In the role-play exercises, 3 vaccination-related scenarios (one for each disease- zoster, pneumonia, and influenza) will be delivered to illustrate situations participants might encounter when interacting with healthcare providers or friends/family. Peer-led Intervention (PEER): 60 minute peer led small group intervention including skits and other educational material |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Highest degree of education achieved | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Marital Status | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Difficulty paying for basic necessities | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Baseline Knowledge Scores | Knowledge and awareness about the target vaccine-preventable diseases was assessed at baseline using the Knowledge Instrument, a 3-section, 22-item instrument categorical response instrument. Scores consist of number of correct responses to the questions on the knowledge instrument; a higher score indicates better performance. Four scores are possible: 3 disease-specific subscores (1 each for pneumonia, influenza, and zoster) and 1 total score (equaling the sum of the 3 disease-specific subscores). Possible score ranges are as follows: pneumonia 0-7; influenza 0-7; zoster 0-8; total 0-22. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Scores on a scale |
|
| Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM) |
In the PHARM intervention group, participants will be given a 60-minute formal presentation on vaccine-preventable diseases to address knowledge and beliefs related to zoster, pneumonia, and influenza and to address barriers to receiving vaccination. In several studies, it has been demonstrated that those who believe it is wise to receive vaccinations and those that have discussed vaccination with their healthcare provider are more likely to receive a vaccine. Pharmacist-led Intervention (PHARM): 60 minute didactic lecture about vaccinations. |
| OG001 | Peer-led Intervention (PEER) | A pharmacist will train the peer educators about vaccine-preventable diseases over the course of two didactic sessions. Following this training, a third session will be held to train the peer educators on the script that they will deliver to participants. The script will include the key learning points to be taught by the peer educators to participants about vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination. The script will also include role-play exercises. In the role-play exercises, 3 vaccination-related scenarios (one for each disease- zoster, pneumonia, and influenza) will be delivered to illustrate situations participants might encounter when interacting with healthcare providers or friends/family. Peer-led Intervention (PEER): 60 minute peer led small group intervention including skits and other educational material |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Within-Group Changes in Beliefs About Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Vaccines | Beliefs about vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination were assessed via agreement with 5 statements scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1-Completely disagree, 2-Somewhat disagree, 3-Somewhat agree, 4-Completely agree) at each timepoint. The changes in beliefs between baseline, post-intervention, and the one-month follow-up were assessed in both PHARM and PEER groups. Pairwise Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were run comparing within-group changes in beliefs across timepoints and applying the Bonferroni correction (α=0.05/3=0.0167). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
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|
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|
| Secondary | Cost Analysis | Measure the program costs of PHARM and PEER from the senior center perspective. Costs were measured in total for each group, and per-participant costs were calculated by dividing total group cost by group sample size. Outcome measure type is thus reported as "number" rather than choosing measures of central tendency and dispersion/precision (i.e., there are no standard deviations, confidence intervals, or ranges with this methodology). | Posted | Number | Dollars | Measured after completion of all programs in both groups (an average of one year). |
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|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Reporting Program Satisfaction | Satisfaction was assessed on the post-intervention and one-month follow-up surveys using two statements that were each scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1-Completely disagree, 2-Somewhat disagree, 3-Somewhat agree, 4-Completely agree). The statements were: 1) "The educational program kept me interested or engaged" and 2) "I was satisfied with the content of the educational program". At each timepoint, responses were dichotomized as "agree" (comprising the "Somewhat agree" and "Completely agree" response options) and "disagree" (comprising the "Somewhat disagree" and "Completely disagree" response options), and these dichotomous responses were compared between PHARM and PEER via Fisher's exact test. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Measured immediately post-intervention (PT) and at 1 month follow-up (1M) |
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|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Planning to Receive Each Vaccine | Compare the number of participants planning to receive vaccine in PHARM vs. PEER at each timepoint as assessed by the activation questionnaire | Rows labeled "Those without history of [...] vaccine" contain a subgroup analysis of those participants not reporting a positive vaccination history at post-test. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
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| Secondary | Number of Participants Reporting Positive Vaccination Status at Each Timepoint | Compare the number participants reporting positive vaccination status in PHARM vs. PEER at each timepoint as assessed by the activation questionnaire | Rows labeled "without previous [...] vaccine", contain a subgroup analysis of those participants not reporting a positive vaccination history at post-test. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Measured at baseline (BL), immediately post-intervention (PT), and 1 month follow-up (1M) |
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|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Planning to Discuss Vaccines With Others as Assessed by the Activation Questionnaire | Compare the number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with doctor, pharmacist, or family/friends in PHARM vs. PEER at each timepoint | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 1 month follow-up |
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| Secondary | Number of Participants Having Discussed Vaccines With Others at One-month Follow-up as Assessed by the Activation Questionnaire | Compare the number of participants reporting that they have discussed vaccines with their doctor, pharmacist, or family/friends at the one-month follow-up for PHARM vs. PEER | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | One-month follow-up (1M) |
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|
|
|
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| EG001 | Peer-led Intervention (PEER) | A pharmacist will train the peer educators about vaccine-preventable diseases over the course of two didactic sessions. Following this training, a third session will be held to train the peer educators on the script that they will deliver to participants. The script will include the key learning points to be taught by the peer educators to participants about vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination. The script will also include role-play exercises. In the role-play exercises, 3 vaccination-related scenarios (one for each disease- zoster, pneumonia, and influenza) will be delivered to illustrate situations participants might encounter when interacting with healthcare providers or friends/family. Peer-led Intervention (PEER): 60 minute peer led small group intervention including skits and other educational material | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D001424 | Bacterial Infections |
| D001423 | Bacterial Infections and Mycoses |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D009976 | Orthomyxoviridae Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D014777 | Virus Diseases |
| D000073618 | Varicella Zoster Virus Infection |
| D006566 | Herpesviridae Infections |
| D004266 | DNA Virus Infections |
| Slightly decreased agreement (1-point decrease) |
|
| No change in agreement |
|
| Slightly improved agreement (1-point increase) |
|
| Somewhat improved agreement (2-point increase) |
|
| Strongly improved agreement (3-point increase) |
|
| No response |
|
| Vaccinations are important for health (BL to 1M) |
|
| Vaccinations are important for health (PT to 1M) |
|
| Vaccines are harmful to health (BL to PT) |
|
| Vaccines are harmful to health (BL to 1M) |
|
| Vaccines are harmful to health (PT to 1M) |
|
| Trust in doctors as vaccine info source (BL to PT) |
|
| Trust in doctors as vaccine info source (BL to 1M) |
|
| Trust in doctors as vaccine info source (PT to 1M) |
|
| Trust in pharmacists for vaccine info (BL to PT) |
|
| Trust in pharmacists for vaccine info (BL to 1M) |
|
| Trust in pharmacists for vaccine info (PT to 1M) |
|
| Trust in peer educators for vaccine info(BL to PT) |
|
| Trust in peer educators for vaccine info(BL to 1M) |
|
| Trust in peer educators for vaccine info(PT to 1M) |
|
|
Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations is important to my health" from baseline to post-intervention |
| Sign test |
| <0.0001 |
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Equivalence |
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations is important to my health" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.0028 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations is important to my health" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | <0.0001 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations is important to my health" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 1.0 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations is important to my health" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.6430 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations can be harmful to my health" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.1193 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations can be harmful to my health" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | <0.0001 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations can be harmful to my health" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.4861 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations can be harmful to my health" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.0002 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations can be harmful to my health" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.3247 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "Getting vaccinations can be harmful to my health" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.4627 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my doctor to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.1244 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my doctor to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.0575 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my doctor to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.7489 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my doctor to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.0098 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my doctor to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.1797 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my doctor to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.3613 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my pharmacist to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.5972 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my pharmacist to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.0240 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my pharmacist to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.2437 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my pharmacist to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.0631 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my pharmacist to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.0540 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust my pharmacist to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.7298 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust a peer educator to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.4218 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust a peer educator to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to post-intervention | Sign test | 0.2282 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust a peer educator to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.8711 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust a peer educator to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from baseline to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.0027 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust a peer educator to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.7579 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Testing within-group changes in beliefs for the statement "I trust a peer educator to give me information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent" from post-intervention to one-month follow-up | Sign test | 0.1299 | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) | Equivalence | Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test with a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of alpha = 0.0167 (3 comparisons) |
| Total cost per session |
|
| Total senior center cost |
|
| Total senior center cost per participant |
|
| Staff cost (community health worker) |
|
| Staff cost (PEER Leaders/Pharmacists) |
|
| Staff cost (Program Director) |
|
| Staff cost (Senior center director) |
|
| Total staff cost |
|
| Total staff cost per participant |
|
| Total staff cost per session |
|
| Travel costs |
|
| Space costs |
|
| Supplies cost |
|
| Refreshment costs |
|
| No response |
|
| The program kept me interested or engaged - 1M |
|
| I was satisfied with program content - PT |
|
| I was satisfied with program content - 1M |
|
Testing between-group differences in dichotomous engagement in the program at the one-month follow-up via Fisher's Exact test |
| Fisher Exact |
| 0.6806 |
Fisher's Exact test was used (2 x 2) with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Equivalence |
Fisher's Exact test was used (2 x 2) with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in dichotomous satisfaction with the program's content immediately post-intervention via Fisher's Exact test | Fisher Exact | 1.0 | Fisher's Exact test was used (2 x 2) with a significance threshold of 0.05. | Equivalence | Fisher's Exact test was used (2 x 2) with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in dichotomous satisfaction with the program's content at the one-month follow-up via Fisher's Exact test | Fisher Exact | 0.4908 | Fisher's Exact test was used (2 x 2) with a significance threshold of 0.05. | Equivalence | Fisher's Exact test was used (2 x 2) with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Not planning to receive vaccine |
|
| No response |
|
| Planning to receive zoster vaccine at PT |
|
|
| Planning to receive zoster vaccine at 1M |
|
|
| Planning to receive influenza vaccine at BL |
|
|
| Planning to receive influenza vaccine at PT |
|
|
| Planning to receive influenza vaccine at 1M |
|
|
| Planning to receive pneumonia vaccine at BL |
|
|
| Planning to receive pneumonia vaccine at PT |
|
|
| Planning to receive pneumonia vaccine at 1M |
|
|
| Those without history of zoster vaccine (PT) |
|
|
| Those without history of zoster vaccine (1M) |
|
|
| Those without history of influenza vaccine (PT) |
|
|
| Those without history of influenza vaccine (1M) |
|
|
| Those without history of pneumonia vaccine (PT) |
|
|
| Those without history of pneumonia vaccine (1M) |
|
|
Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive zoster vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test
| Chi-squared |
| 0.6871 |
| Equivalence |
Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive zoster vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.8259 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive influenza vaccine at baseline via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.8868 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive influenza vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.8069 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive influenza vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.8489 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive pneumonia vaccine at baseline via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.3985 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive pneumonia vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.1722 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive pneumonia vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.7318 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive zoster vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.6309 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive zoster vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.7881 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive influenza vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.6798 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive influenza vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.8548 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive pneumonia vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.3182 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to receive pneumonia vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.7986 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| No |
|
| No response |
|
| Reporting history of zoster vaccine at PT |
|
|
| Reporting history of zoster vaccine at 1M |
|
|
| Reporting history of influenza vaccine at BL |
|
|
| Reporting history of influenza vaccine at PT |
|
|
| Reporting history of influenza vaccine at 1M |
|
|
| Reporting history of pneumonia vaccine at BL |
|
|
| Reporting history of pneumonia vaccine at PT |
|
|
| Reporting history of pneumonia vaccine at 1M |
|
|
| Those without zoster vaccine at PT (1M status) |
|
|
| Those without influenza vaccine at PT (1M status) |
|
|
| Those without pneumonia vaccine at PT (1M status) |
|
|
Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of zoster vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test
| Chi-squared |
| 0.0028 |
| Equivalence |
Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of zoster vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0433 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of influenza vaccine at baseline via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0592 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of influenza vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.1843 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of influenza vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.5933 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of pneumonia vaccine at baseline via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.3942 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of pneumonia vaccine post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.9062 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of pneumonia vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.9618 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of zoster vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.1140 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of influenza vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0141 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Among those without positive vaccination history at post-test, testing between-group differences in number of participants reporting positive history of pneumonia vaccine at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0457 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Planning to discuss with doctor at PT |
|
| Planning to discuss with doctor at 1M |
|
| Planning to discuss with pharmacist at BL |
|
| Planning to discuss with pharmacist at PT |
|
| Planning to discuss with pharmacist at 1M |
|
| Planning to discuss with family/friends at BL |
|
| Planning to discuss with family/friends at PT |
|
| Planning to discuss with family/friends at 1M |
|
Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their doctor post-intervention via Chi-squared test
| Chi-squared |
| 0.8299 |
| Equivalence |
Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their doctor at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0405 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their pharmacist at baseline via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.3776 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their pharmacist post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.2856 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their pharmacist at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0016 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their family/friends at baseline via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.9449 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their family/friends post-intervention via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.6143 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants planning to discuss vaccines with their family/friends at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0036 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Discussed with pharmacist at 1M |
|
| Discussed with family/friends at 1M |
|
Testing between-group differences in number of participants having discussed vaccines with their pharmacist at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test
| Chi-squared |
| 0.0012 |
| Equivalence |
Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |
| Testing between-group differences in number of participants having discussed vaccines with their family/friends at one-month follow-up via Chi-squared test | Chi-squared | 0.0034 | Equivalence | Chi-squared test was used with a significance threshold of 0.05. |