WHO 2022 guidelines for DR-TB treatment are set to change. These guidelines recommend the use of an all-oral short course BPAL regimen.Therefore ongoing implementation of the study is considered futile.

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing treatment success of a gene-derived individualized drug-resistant Tuberculosis regimen to a standard Tuberculosis regimen based on South African National Tuberculosis guidelines.

When drug resistance is detected by molecular methods such as the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, second-line Multi Drug-Resistant (MDR) Tuberculosis treatment is started in the complete absence of detailed resistance information. The diagnosis of Multi Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis is confirmed only on availability of Line Probe Assay (LPA)/Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) results. Extremely Drug-Resistant (XDR) Tuberculosis is diagnosed by in vitro phenotypic resistance to Rifampicin, Isoniazid, fluoroquinolones and injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). Existing culture based Drug Susceptibility Testing provides results after 6-8 weeks. This duration may be further increased by other existing laboratory challenges, such as culture contamination.

Furthermore, initial regimens are often not optimal and sometimes completely ineffective as there is a lack of Drug Susceptibility Testing to support them. More importantly, even optimal regimens are changed due to patient intolerance of the drug's side effects.

Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) has the advantage of determining the complete Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence of an organism's genome at a single time point. Using this technology, genotypic mutations conferring resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs can be identified. This information will assist in identifying not only potential resistant drugs, but also susceptible drugs and thus enable a more accurate and appropriate choice of regimen. In addition, drugs that will not add value to the treatment outcome, but will increase rates of adverse drug reactions, can be eliminated earlier, improving drug-resistant TB treatment outcomes.

In this proposal, we aim to use Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) whole genome sequencing prior to the selection of a drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimen and thus provide an individualized treatment strategy for drug-resistant tuberculosis. By adopting this method, we hope to improve culture negative survival rates at 6 months post treatment initiation .

This study will include 448 adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) that meet inclusion criteria. Patients referred by provincial satellite facilities with microbiological confirmation of drug-resistant tuberculosis (e.g. Xpert MTB/RIF assay / Line Probe Assay) to King DinuZulu Hospital (KDH) will be recruited. Patients randomized to the control arm will receive standard of care (SOC) treatment. Patients randomized to the intervention arm will be given an individualized treatment regimen based on whole genome sequencing conducted on Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) positive sputum samples collected at the screening visit.

Inclusion Criteria

• Adults ≥ 18 years of age

• Pulmonary Tuberculosis

• Microbiological confirmation [e.g. GeneXpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) detected and Rifampicin (RIF) resistant and / Line Probe Assay (LPA)] of Multi drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) / Pre-Extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis (Pre-XDR-TB) / Extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)

• Capacity for providing informed consent

• HIV status - HIV infected and uninfected patients are allowed in the study:

  • Patients already on antiretroviral treatment (ART) will be allowed in the study. The antiretroviral treatment regimen will be evaluated for any contraindications to the drugs used.
  • HIV infected patients at any CD4 count irrespective of antiretroviral treatment commencement and duration will be included in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Persons suffering from any serious acute condition.
• Any other chronic or clinically significant medical condition that in the opinion of the attending clinician would render the patient unsuitable for participation in the study.

Individual participant data that underlie the results of the objectives of the study, after deidentification

Beginning 9 months and ending 36 months following article publication

Investigators wishing to access data from this study will need to contact the PI to request the data. Requests may be submitted up to 36 months following article publication. Investigators will need to complete a proposal for how the data will be used. The proposal will be reviewed by the CAPRISA Scientific Review Committee and the CAPRISA Executive Committee.