Childhood nephrotic syndrome is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents during childhood,primarily owing to a disturbed immune function.This disease is characterized by alterations in selectivity at the glomerular capillary wall that lead to an inability to restrict the urinary loss of protein.

Childhood nephrotic syndrome is the most frequent glomerular disease that presents during childhood,primarily owing to a disturbed immune function.This disease is characterized by alterations in selectivity at the glomerular capillary wall that lead to an inability to restrict the urinary loss of protein.The syndrome is characterized by the tetrad of nephrotic range proteinuria (>40 mg/m2/hour), hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dl), generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia. It can be congenital or acquired.Currently,serum albumin, lipids, and proteinuria are the common diagnostic markers of childhood NS, but these markers may not accurately predict the outcome of individual patients because of the heterogeneity of the disease. Renal biopsy is more precise for establishing prognosis of renal outcome, but it has potential complications. Repeated monitoring is technically difficult, particularly for children. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to identify new non invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for this disease.miRNA-30a expression in the serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome and analyzed the correlation between miRNA with largest over expression level and clinical features compared with healthy subjects.miRNA-30a expression level in drug resistant nephrotic syndrome patients was obviously higher than the drug sensitive patients and up-regulated most significantly in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis among different pathological types, while it decreased most obviously in glomerular lesions. miRNA-30a could be treated as the molecular marker in predict drug resistance, pathological type of nephrotic syndrome and follow up of resistant cases.

Inclusion Criteria:

-Nephrotic children aged from 2 to 18 that admitted to Pediatric Hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Congenital or infantile nephrotic syndrome
• Other kidney diseases
• Abnormal kidney function test

Group1: steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome ( 10 cases ). Group2:steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (10 cases). Group3:immunosuppresive resistant nephrotic syndrome(10 cases). Group4:refractory nephrotic syndrome(10 cases). Group5: normal children as a healthy control group ( 5 cases ).