This was a retrospective study that all teicoplanin-treated adult patients with Gram-positive infections admitted to Zhengzhou Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University from February 2015 to August 2016.

1. Patients and protocol This was a retrospective study that all teicoplanin-treated adult patients with Gram-positive infections admitted to Zhengzhou Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University from February 2015 to August 2016. Patients were included who met the following criteria: (1) age≥18 years, (2) duration of teicoplanin therapy≥5 days, (3) written informed consent was obtained from each patients. Patients were excluded who fulfilled any of the following criteria: (1) Patients who were allergy to teicoplanin, (2) pregnant women, (3) patients with hematopoietic function, (4) patients unable to evaluate efficacy and safety. This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University.
2. Treatment regimen and groups According to CLcr and teicoplanin loading dose regimen, all patients were divided into four groups. Group A (CLcr≥60mL/min) : Teicoplanin was intravenously administered 3 times for moderate infections (skin, soft tissue and respiratory infections) or 6 times for severe infections(endocarditis caused by MRSA or severe pneumonia) at the loading dose of 400 mg at 12h intervals, followed by maintenance dosing 400 mg/d. Group B (40 mL/min≤CLcr<60mL/min) : Teicoplanin was intravenously administered 3 times at the loading dose of 400 mg at 12h intervals, followed by maintenance dosing 400 mg/d. Group C (CLcr<40mL/min) : Teicoplanin was intravenously administered 2 times at the loading dose of 400 mg at 12h intervals, followed by maintenance dosing 200 mg/d. Group D (standard regimen) : Teicoplanin was intravenously administered 1-3 times at the loading dose of 400 mg at 12h intervals, followed by maintenance dosing 200 mg/d. The maintenance dosing was adjusted by Cmin and CLcr in all groups. The target Cmin was set to 15~30 mg/L. If Cmin<15 mg/L or >30 mg/L, the maintenance dosage was increased or decreased appropriately up to target Cmin range. CLcr values for male and female were calculated based on the following equations, respectively.

Inclusion Criteria:

• age≥18 years
• duration of teicoplanin therapy≥5 days
• written informed consent was obtained from each patients

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who were allergy to teicoplanin
• pregnant women
• patients with hematopoietic function
• patients unable to evaluate efficacy and safety

The clinical data of 113 patients who were suffered with severe Gram-positive infection and treated with teicoplanin from February 2015 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.