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The proposed study will assess the current sun safety policies and practices in programs for young children and to determine the willingness of stakeholders to incorporate more protective measures.
The primary hypothesis is that children in Head Start programs, daycare programs, elementary schools, or summer camps are exposed to significant UV radiation throughout the day, and are not adequately protected with sunscreen, hats, or sun-protective clothing. The secondary hypothesis is that these programs value sun safety as an important health behavior, but probably do not have the funding avilable to make it a priority.
The study aims are:
The sample of stakeholders, who will be surveyed, is consistent with samples used in our prior research. A sample size of 250 phone interviews will be adequate to show trends in sun safety policies among early education programs. Power analysis is based on the use of sun protection, our primary outcome. Our preliminary data show that 15% of schools almost always or always schedule outdoor activities to avoid times when the sun was at peak intensity. The sample size required to sensitively detect a 20% difference in using sun protection between those that comply with recommendations and those that do not is 250 respondents assuming an alpha < 0.05 and power >= 0.8 in a two-tailed test on a two-group sample. This sample size will adequately power the study for detecting 30% difference in sun protection use between the two groups.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total daily sun exposure and sunburn of children | Total sun exposure per day and number of sunburns sustained at Head Start program, daycare, camp, or school | 10 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sun safety policies | presence of policies in place to protect children from UV exposure e.g. designated time to don sun protective clothing, encouraging parents to apply sunscreen before school, send children with sun hats. | 10 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Demographics of programs contacted e.g. racial breakdown, socioeconomic status of families served, ages of children in program, setting. | 10 minutes |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Teachers, aides, administrators or staff members at Head Start programs, daycares, camps, or schools.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| June Robinson, MD | Northwestern University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northwestern Memorial Hospital | Chicago | Illinois | 60611 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013471 | Sunburn |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010787 | Photosensitivity Disorders |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D002056 | Burns |
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| D014947 |
| Wounds and Injuries |