Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide - Effects on Markers of Bone Turnover in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide - Effects on Markers of Bone Turnover in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Investigate GIP effects on biomarkers involved in bone homeostasis

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with type 1 diabetes (positive islet cell/ glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 antibodies)
• Patients without measurable beta cell function (i.e. incremental C-peptide below detection limit (<0.16 nmol/l) following an 5 g-iv-arginine stimulation test,

Exclusion Criteria:

• HbA1c >9% (75 mmol/mol),
• standard plasma biochemical measurements outside normal reference interval (alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, hemoglobin, creatinine, and spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio);
• an abnormal state of hypoglycemia awareness,
• significant diabetic complications (i.e. proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, severe atherosclerosis, heart disease) and,
• treatment with medication (besides insulin) that could not be paused for 12 hours up to and during the days of the experiments.