• HBV is not curable with persistent HBsAg even after the disappearance of HBV DNA.
• HBsAg > 1000 IU/ml is associated with the risk of virological recurrence and HCC.
• There is an impaired immune response to HBsAg and HBV vaccine is an easily available, cost-effective, non-harmful method of stimulating immunity.

Persistent HBs antigenemia >1000 IU/ml has a possibility of viral reactivation and hepatoma in 8%; the effect of HBV vaccine on HBsAg was investigated, recurrence of viremia, insulin resistance, and fibrosis regression.

From August 2011 to October 2016, 220 participants with chronic hepatitis B were evaluated at the hepatology clinic-Internal medicine department-Zagazig university-Egypt. They were enrolled after approval of the ethical committee of Zagazig university hospital. Written informed consent was obtained for the interview, clinical evaluation, and blood sampling.

participants were divided into two groups:

• Inactive carriers (n=100) who were presented with persistent HBsAg, undetected HBV DNA, normal liver enzymes, positive HBeAb and had never been exposed to antiviral therapy.
• Patients exposed to NAs (n=120): tenofovir 300mg (n=65) or Entecavir 1mg (n=55): A- HBeAg-positive patients (n=60) who received NAs until 1 year after HBe seroconversion and disappearance of HBV DNA with persistent HBsAg B- HBeAg-negative patients (n=60) who received NAs till 3 years after the disappearance of HBV DNA; all showed persistent HBsAg.
• Exclusion criteria Clinically decompensated liver cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma; other causes of liver disease or mixed causes (excessive alcohol consumption, autoimmune liver disease, immunosuppressive drugs, or who had been infected with hepatitis C virus.

B- Vaccination schedule

• All the participants had received 30 µg of recombinant HBV vaccine which contains Purified HBsAg produced by recombinant DNA technology (Euvax-B, LG Life Sciences, Korea) intramuscularly in the deltoid region at three different time intervals (0, 1, 6 months). The first dose of the vaccine was initiated 1 year after HBe seroconversion and disappearance of HBV DNA in HBe +ve or 3 years after the disappearance of HBV DNA in HBe -ve patients or immediately after diagnosis of inactive carriers. NAs were stopped three months after the 3rd dose of HBV vaccine
• Three months after the last dose of vaccine, the participants were evaluated for IP-10 level, the production of protective HBsAb, recurrence of viremia by regular HBV DNA, HBsAg quantification.

Patients who failed to produce HBsAb i.e. HBsAb titer < 10 IU/ml, were given a fourth booster dose of vaccination immediately after confirmation of vaccine non-response.

C- Control Group It included 100 participants who had CHB, with undetectable HBV DNA with persistence of HBsAg and they did not receive HBV vaccine. They were divided into treatment naïve (n=50) and treatment experienced (n=50) who were given tenofovir (n=30) or entecavir (n=20) which were stopped 3 years after HBV DNA disappearance and HBeAg seroconversion and followed for 3 years by evaluation of HBsAg level and HBV DNA every 6 months to detect the natural rate of HBV reactivation.

D- Laboratory analysis It included complete Blood Count, liver function tests, prothrombin time, prothrombin concentration (%), kidney function tests.

• HCV antibody, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb.
• Real-time Quantitative PCR for HBV DNA was done at the baseline and then every 6 months after the last dose of HBV vaccine for 3 years (COBAS AMPLICOR HBV MONITOR, with a detection limit of 15 IU/ml; Roche Diagnostic Systems).
• Insulin resistance was done before initiation of vaccination and 3 months after the last dose of vaccination. It was calculated by HOMA-IR, a value greater than 2 indicates insulin resistance [20].
• HBV genotyping was performed using INNO-LiPA HBV Genotyping assay; Innogenetics NV, Ghent, Belgium.
• Determination of HBsAg titer (Elecsys HBsAg II assay, Roche Diagnostics, USA) [21]. It was done before vaccination and 3 months after the last dose of vaccine then every 6 months for 3 years.
• Anti-HBs antibodies were performed 3 months following the third dose of the vaccine or 3 months after the 4th booster dose. Seroconversion was considered if anti-HBs levels were above 10 IU/ml and non-response if anti-HBs levels were below 10 IU/ml [22].
• Serum IP-10 levels were determined in serum before vaccination and 3 months after the last dose of vaccine, by a solid-phase sandwich ELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, USA) (reference value: 7.8-500 pg/ml).

E- Abdominal ultrasonography participants were examined after 6 hours fast. Criteria of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and the presence of fatty liver disease were documented.

F- Liver stiffness assessment (LSM) Fibroscan was performed to measure liver stiffness before antiviral therapy and 3 months after the last dose of HBV vaccine, with the number of shots is 10, interquartile range≤ 25%. Liver stiffness 2.5-7 kPa denotes (F0-1), 7-9.5 kPa (F2), 9.5-12.5 kPa (F3), >12.5 kPa denotes cirrhosis.

Inclusion Criteria:

• HBV patients with persistent HBs antigenemia

Exclusion Criteria:

• decompensated liver cirrhosis
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• other causes of liver disease or mixed causes (excessive alcohol consumption,
• autoimmune liver disease
• immunosuppressive drugs
• infection with hepatitis C virus.

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