A Phase I/II Trial Investigating the Combination of Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) With Cyclophosphamide and Lenalidomide for Patients With Relapsed Multiple Myeloma
A Phase I/II Trial Investigating the Combination of Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) With Cyclophosphamide and Lenalidomide for Patients With Relapsed Multiple Myeloma
This is a multi-centre phase I/II trial with an initial dose finding phase for cyclophosphamide and lenalidomide combined with fixed dose pembrolizumab for patients with relapsed or relapsed / refractory multiple myeloma (MM) that have had at least 1 prior line of therapy
This is a multi-centre phase I/II trial with an initial dose finding phase for cyclophosphamide and lenalidomide combined with fixed dose pembrolizumab for patients with relapsed or relapsed / refractory MM that have had at least one prior line of therapy.
As this combination has not been given before, participants will be registered initially into a dose finding phase where dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) will be monitored during the first cycle in order to confirm the recommended dose schedule (RD) of cyclophosphamide with lenalidomide and fixed dose pembrolizumab. A modified toxicity probability interval (mTPI) approach has been taken for dose finding, to determine a safe dose schedule defined as the probability of dose limiting toxicity below an acceptable rate of 34%.
Once a RD is identified an expansion phase is planned to estimate the activity profile of the Key-CR combination at the RD. The trial will start at the highest dose schedule . Cohorts of 3 evaluable participants will sequentially be recruited to the trial until the RD has been identified or the trial stopped due to excessive toxicity at dose schedule -1. The dose schedule to be given to a subsequent cohort will be evaluated after all participants have been followed up for one cycle or experienced a DLT. The Safety Review Committee (SRC) will be presented with a complete safety report in addition to a set of predetermined dosing decisions, such that all relevant information available may be considered before deciding upon the next dose schedule to be allocated.
The mTPI is an adaptive Bayesian design specifying that the parameter for the probability that a patient experiences a DLT during the first cycle follows a separate distribution for each dose level. Each DLT probability is believed to be equally likely to take any value between 0 and 1 before any data is collected this represents a non-informative or flat prior. The posterior distribution from which escalation decisions are made is constructed by updating the prior distribution with observed data and represents our updated beliefs about the parameter after having seen the data. The decision to remain at the current dose schedule (S), escalate (E), or de-escalate (D) from the posterior distribution is determined by probability theory and two clinical criteria; the minimum DLT rate that if true would warrant escalation and the maximum DLT rate that if true would warrant dose de-escalation. The clinical interval is specified to be (0.2, 0.34) in this setting. Below 0.2 would represent under-dosing and warrant escalation, above 0.34, over-dosing and de-escalation and in the interval proper dosing and the decision to remain at the current dose level.
Participants will be registered to a dose schedule in cohorts of 3 evaluable participants and a decision regarding expansion or dose (de)escalation will be made once all patients have been followed up for the full DLT observation period (see below).
A minimum of 6 participants must be evaluated at a dose schedule for the dose schedule to be considered the RD. If dose schedule -1 or 0 meet the RD criterion but the dose schedule above has not been excluded, a further cohort of participants may be treated at the dose schedule above at discretion of the SRC. If dose schedule -1 is found to be unsafe the trial will terminate early without opening the expansion phase. The SRC may consider increasing the size of cohorts after 12 evaluable participants have been treated at a dose schedule without identifying the RD. Once the RD has been identified the trial will move into the expansion phase.
It is essential that the data for each participant is returned in a timely manner to allow the participants to be monitored for safety and dose limiting toxicities that could affect the safety of other participants. Data must be returned on time to allow a timely review of the trial by the Safety Review Committee to prevent a hold up in progressing the trial to the next phase or dose level, or to allow it to be stopped quickly in the event of an unforeseen issue occurring.
Dose Schedules - 28 days schedule Dose schedule 1 (starting dose) Pembrolizumab 200mg every 3 weeks, cyclophosphamide 500mg days 1&8, lenalidomide 25mg days 1-21 Dose schedule 0 Pembrolizumab 200mg every 3 weeks, cyclophosphamide 500mg day 1, lenalidomide 25mg days 1-21 Dose schedule -1 Pembrolizumab 200mg every 3 weeks, cyclophosphamide 500mg day 1, lenalidomide 15mg days 1-21
Inclusion Criteria:
Be willing and able to provide written informed consent for the trial and willing to follow the trial protocol.
Be 18 years of age or greater on day of signing informed consent.
Measurable disease with at least one of the following:
Have relapsed MM following 1 or more prior lines of therapy.
Have achieved a partial response (PR or better based on investigator's determination of response by the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) criteria) to at least one prior regimen
Have a performance status of 0-1 on the ECOG Performance Scale.
Demonstrate adequate organ function as defined below, all screening laboratory tests are to be performed within 10 days prior to registration:
Haematological
Renal
Serum creatinine or, measured or calculated creatinine clearance less than or equal to 1.5 x local ULN OR Creatinine Clearance greater than or equal to 60 mL/min for participant with creatinine levels greater than 1.5 x local ULN Hepatic
Serum bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 x local ULN OR direct bilirubin less than or equal to local ULN for participants with total bilirubin levels greater than 1.5 x local ULN
Aspartate transaminase (AST) or Alanine transaminase (ALT) less than or equal to 2.5 x local ULN
Albumin greater than or equal to 2.5 mg/dL (25 g/L) Coagulation
International Normalized Ratio (INR) or Prothrombin Time (PT) less than or equal to1.5 x local ULN, unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or PTT is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants
• The standard Celgene Revlimid REMS program must be followed for all participants taking part in the trial and followed accordingly. In addition the following must also be followed:
Female participant of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test. Female participants of childbearing potential must be willing to use adequate methods of contraception, from 4 weeks prior to the start of treatment, until 120 days after the last dose of trial medication, and for all interruptions in dosing during the trial.
Male participants of childbearing potential must agree to use adequate methods of contraception from 4 weeks prior to the start of treatment, until 120 days after the last dose of trial medication, and for all interruptions in dosing during the trial.
Exclusion Criteria
Those with non-measurable disease, solitary bone or solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma, plasma cell leukaemia, POEMS syndrome (plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, and skin changes)
Is currently participating and receiving trial therapy, or has participated in a trial of an investigational agent and received trial therapy or used an investigational device within 28 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment.
Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving systemic steroid therapy or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 14 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment. Steroids for myeloma disease control must be stopped 14 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment.
If previously treated with a lenalidomide-containing regimen, the participant is excluded if:
Participant had disease progression within 60 days after the last dose of lenalidomide; or Whose disease is non-responsive whilst on lenalidomide. Non-responsive disease is defined as either not achieving at least an minimal response (MR) or progressive disease (PD) whilst on lenalidomide.
Any of the following prior treatments:
Has had a prior allogenic stem cell transplant. Previous autologous stem cell transplantation is permitted greater than or equal to 3 months prior to the first dose of trial treatment.
Previous therapy with pembrolizumab or has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, L1 or L2 inhibitor.
Has had a prior anti-cancer monoclonal antibody (mAb) within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of trial treatment or who has not recovered (i.e., less than or equal to Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier.
o Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule therapy, therapeutic radiation therapy within 2 weeks prior to the first dose of trial treatment or who has not recovered (i.e., less than or equal to Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to a previously administered agent. Participants with less than ore equal to Grade 2 neuropathy are an exception to this criterion and may participant in the trial.
Treatment with plasmapheresis within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of trial treatment.
Palliative radiotherapy for pain control and bisphosphonates are permitted
A known hypersensitivity or intolerance to cyclophosphamide or lenalidomide or any of its excipients.
If participant received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting therapy.
Unable to tolerate thromboembolic prophylaxis including, as clinically indicated, aspirin, warfarin or low-molecular weight heparin.
Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment. Exceptions include basal cell carcinoma of the skin or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has undergone potentially curative therapy or in situ cervical cancer.
Has known active central nervous system (CNS) myeloma and/or carcinomatous meningitis. Participants with previously treated CNS myeloma may participate provided they are stable (without evidence of progression by imaging for at least four weeks prior to the first dose of trial treatment and any neurologic symptoms have returned to baseline), have no evidence of new or enlarging CNS disease, and are not using steroids for at least 14 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment. This exception does not include carcinomatous meningitis which is excluded regardless of clinical stability.
Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (e.g. thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment.
Significant cardiac disease as determined by the investigator including:
Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial.
Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy.
Has a known history of active TB (Bacillus Tuberculosis)
Has known history of, or any evidence of active, non-infectious pneumonitis.
Has a known history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (HIV 1/2 antibodies).
Has known active Hepatitis B (e.g., HBsAg reactive) or Hepatitis C (e.g., HCV RNA [qualitative] is detected).
Has received a live vaccine within 28 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment.
Note: Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally inactivated flu vaccines and are allowed; however intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist) are live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed.