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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of a protocol which does not suspend the new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban) in front of dental extractions in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
The sample will be divided into three groups according to the pharmacokinetics of the oral anticoagulant: rivaroxaban 1x/day (group 1); dabigatran and apixabana 2x/day (group 2) and warfarin (control group). Extraction of one to three teeth will be scheduled, in the valley of the new oral anticoagulants' concentration, considered the period of smallest haemorrhagic risk without suspension. In group 1 the surgery will be scheduled 14 hours after the last intake, in group 2 the surgery will be scheduled 8 hours after the last intake, while the control group will undergo the procedure with INR values between 2.0 and 3,0. Hemostatic measures with tranexamic acid paste intra alveolar, suture and biological glue GRF® (gelatin, resorcinol and formaldehyde) and post operative care will be associated. The patients will be contacted after the procedure to inform the presence or absence of late bleeding. The patient should return 24 hours later to evaluate the surgical site. This protocol is based on Guidelines and scientific articles, pharmacokinetics and clinical experience of the authors.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rivaroxaban | Experimental | As the rivaroxaban is ingested 1x/day, the interval between a maximum peak concentration and the other peak is 24 hours. Therefore, the surgery will be performed between two peaks of maximum drug concentration, knowing that the maximum peak concentration is an average of two hours after ingestion. So the surgical procedure should be scheduled 14 hours (2 hours+ 12 hours) after the last medication intake. |
|
| Dabigatran and Apixaban | Experimental | As dabigatran and apixaban are taken 2x/day, the interval between two peak concentration is 12 hours.Taking into account the first two hours of maximum peak concentration and half the interval between two peaks (2 hours + 6 hours = 8 hours), the surgical procedure must be programmed eight hours after the last intake of medication. |
|
| Warfarin | Active Comparator | The control group will consist of patients on chronic use of warfarin. The operation will be scheduled at any time, provided that the patient has INR value between 2.0 and 3.0 and test performed in maximum 15 days before surgery. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rivaroxaban | Drug | Rivaroxaban 15 or 20mg tablet by mouth, every 24 hours, continuous use. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| A bleeding event (incidence of postoperative bleeding events) | To evaluate the safety of a protocol regarding the risks of bleeding after dental extractions performed in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in continuous use of the new oral anticoagulants, we compared the incidence of postoperative bleeding events after dental extractions between patients in use of new oral anticoagulants and those treated of warfarin without withdrawal of oral anticoagulant therapy. | 7 days |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Denise T Hachul, PhD | Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | Study Director |
| Itamara LI Neves, PhD | Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | Principal Investigator |
| Elaine M Higashi, S | Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | Study Chair |
| Ricardo S Neves, PhD | Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | Study Chair |
| Francisco CC Darrieux, PhD | Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | Study Chair |
| Mauricio I Scanavacca, PhD | Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Institute of Hospital das ClÃnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo | São Paulo | 05403000 | Brazil |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22922413 | Background | Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2012 Nov;33(21):2719-47. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs253. Epub 2012 Aug 24. No abstract available. | |
| 23524440 |
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After thesis defense, the IPD will be available on the Portal Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations of the University of São Paulo (http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com\_jumi\&fileid=12\&Itemid=77\&lang=ptbr), in a PDF file.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001281 | Atrial Fibrillation |
| D010510 | Periodontal Diseases |
| D006470 | Hemorrhage |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001145 | Arrhythmias, Cardiac |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000069552 | Rivaroxaban |
| D000069604 | Dabigatran |
| C522181 | apixaban |
| D014859 | Warfarin |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013876 | Thiophenes |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D009025 | Morpholines |
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| Dabigatran and Apixaban | Drug | Dabigatrana 110 or 150 mg tablet and Apixaban 2,5 or 5mg tablet by mouth, every 12 hours, continuous use. |
|
|
| Warfarin | Drug | The dosage of Warfarin is individualized for each patient, according to the patient's TP/INR value. The value of TP/INR should be in the therapeutic dosage of 2.0 to 3.0 |
|
|
| Background |
| Fakhri HR, Janket SJ, Jackson EA, Baird AE, Dinnocenzo R, Meurman JH. Tutorial in oral antithrombotic therapy: biology and dental implications. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013 May 1;18(3):e461-72. doi: 10.4317/medoral.19140. |
| 20876603 | Background | Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace. 2010 Oct;12(10):1360-420. doi: 10.1093/europace/euq350. No abstract available. |
| 24561548 | Background | Halvorsen S, Atar D, Yang H, De Caterina R, Erol C, Garcia D, Granger CB, Hanna M, Held C, Husted S, Hylek EM, Jansky P, Lopes RD, Ruzyllo W, Thomas L, Wallentin L. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to age for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: observations from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J. 2014 Jul 21;35(28):1864-72. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu046. Epub 2014 Feb 20. |
| 22668618 | Background | Little JW. New oral anticoagulants: will they replace warfarin? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012 May;113(5):575-80. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.10.006. Epub 2012 Mar 3. |
| 22668425 | Background | Firriolo FJ, Hupp WS. Beyond warfarin: the new generation of oral anticoagulants and their implications for the management of dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012 Apr;113(4):431-41. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.10.005. |
| 26386350 | Background | Elad S, Marshall J, Meyerowitz C, Connolly G. Novel anticoagulants: general overview and practical considerations for dental practitioners. Oral Dis. 2016 Jan;22(1):23-32. doi: 10.1111/odi.12371. Epub 2015 Nov 16. |
| 20352166 | Background | van Ryn J, Stangier J, Haertter S, Liesenfeld KH, Wienen W, Feuring M, Clemens A. Dabigatran etexilate--a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost. 2010 Jun;103(6):1116-27. doi: 10.1160/TH09-11-0758. Epub 2010 Mar 29. |
| 23850368 | Background | Romond KK, Miller CS, Henry RG. Dental management considerations for a patient taking dabigatran etexilate: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013 Sep;116(3):e191-5. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.05.001. Epub 2013 Jul 10. |
| 23920075 | Background | Davis C, Robertson C, Shivakumar S, Lee M. Implications of Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, for oral surgery practice. J Can Dent Assoc. 2013;79:d74. |
| 23014816 | Background | Turpie AG, Kreutz R, Llau J, Norrving B, Haas S. Management consensus guidance for the use of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Nov;108(5):876-86. doi: 10.1160/TH12-03-0209. Epub 2012 Sep 26. |
| 19196845 | Background | Weinz C, Schwarz T, Kubitza D, Mueck W, Lang D. Metabolism and excretion of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 May;37(5):1056-64. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.025569. Epub 2009 Feb 5. |
| 21830957 | Background | Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM; ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009638. Epub 2011 Aug 10. |
| 24648742 | Background | Haas S, Bode C, Norrving B, Turpie AG. Practical guidance for using rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation: balancing benefit and risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2014 Mar 10;10:101-14. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S55246. eCollection 2014. |
| 21870978 | Background | Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L; ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039. Epub 2011 Aug 27. |
| 22552763 | Background | Friedman RJ, Kurth A, Clemens A, Noack H, Eriksson BI, Caprini JA. Dabigatran etexilate and concomitant use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetylsalicylic acid in patients undergoing total hip and total knee arthroplasty: no increased risk of bleeding. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Jul;108(1):183-90. doi: 10.1160/TH11-08-0589. Epub 2012 May 3. |
| 22782539 | Background | Hartter S, Sennewald R, Schepers C, Baumann S, Fritsch H, Friedman J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of comedication of clopidogrel and dabigatran etexilate in healthy male volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;69(3):327-39. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1304-8. Epub 2012 Jul 11. |
| 16920892 | Background | Kubitza D, Becka M, Mueck W, Zuehlsdorf M. Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor--are not affected by aspirin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;46(9):981-90. doi: 10.1177/0091270006292127. |
| 22225858 | Background | Eriksson BI, Rosencher N, Friedman RJ, Homering M, Dahl OE. Concomitant use of medication with antiplatelet effects in patients receiving either rivaroxaban or enoxaparin after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Thromb Res. 2012 Aug;130(2):147-51. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.12.005. Epub 2012 Jan 5. |
| 25668377 | Background | Scott A, Gibson J, Crighton A. The management of dental patients taking new generation oral anticoagulants. Prim Dent J. 2014 Nov;3(4):54-8. doi: 10.1308/205016814813877289. |
| 23625942 | Background | Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P, Alings M, Antz M, Hacke W, Oldgren J, Sinnaeve P, Camm AJ, Kirchhof P; European Heart Rhythm Association. European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2013 May;15(5):625-51. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut083. |
| 22986241 | Background | Hong C, Napenas JJ, Brennan M, Furney S, Lockhart P. Risk of postoperative bleeding after dental procedures in patients on warfarin: a retrospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012 Oct;114(4):464-8. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.017. |
| 22152517 | Background | Sie P, Samama CM, Godier A, Rosencher N, Steib A, Llau JV, Van der Linden P, Pernod G, Lecompte T, Gouin-Thibault I, Albaladejo P; Working Group on Perioperative Haemostasis; French Study Group on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Surgery and invasive procedures in patients on long-term treatment with direct oral anticoagulants: thrombin or factor-Xa inhibitors. Recommendations of the Working Group on Perioperative Haemostasis and the French Study Group on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Dec;104(12):669-76. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2011.09.001. Epub 2011 Oct 29. |
| 26592859 | Background | Clemm R, Neukam FW, Rusche B, Bauersachs A, Musazada S, Schmitt CM. Management of anticoagulated patients in implant therapy: a clinical comparative study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016 Oct;27(10):1274-1282. doi: 10.1111/clr.12732. Epub 2015 Nov 23. |
| 41444034 | Derived | Higashi EM, Neves ILI, Darrieux FCDC, Alves Dos Santos Paul M, Paiva GLA, Omori VT, Simoes Neves R, Scanavacca MI, Hachul DT. Proposal for a tooth extraction protocol for patients taking direct oral anticoagulants: a clinical trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2026 Apr;141(4):486-494. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2025.10.021. Epub 2025 Nov 12. |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009059 | Mouth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D010078 |
| Oxazines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D011725 | Pyridines |
| D001562 | Benzimidazoles |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D015110 | 4-Hydroxycoumarins |
| D003374 | Coumarins |
| D001578 | Benzopyrans |
| D011714 | Pyrans |