The recent study suggested that oxidative stress resulting from increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications. The researches aim to monitor the level of oxidative stress of patient in different stage of diabetic nephropathy before and after insulin pump therapy.

Worldwidely, about 30% of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and 20%-50% of T2DM patients suffered diabetic nephropathy (DN). Oxidative stress resulting from increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications. Insulin pump therapy is better than subcutaneous injection in terms of the drug safety and effectiveness. The researches aim to monitor the level of oxidative stress of patient in different stage of diabetic nephropathy before and after insulin pump therapy.

Inclusion Criteria:

Diabetic patients with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥10mmol/l and/or 2 hours' plasma glucose (2hPG) ≥15mmol/l.

Exclusion Criteria:

Diabetic patients who

1. using antioxidant drugs within one month;
2. accompanied with acute and chronic severe complications, fever, malignant tumor, nephritis, congestive heart failure.
3. accompanied with diabetic ketosis, ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycemia, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state;
4. with other endocrine diseases, autoimmune diseases, or connective tissue diseases;
5. having history of infection within 1 month;
6. having drug or alcohol dependence;
7. severe hypoxia and stress state (e.g., cardiovascular events, trauma, surgery, and consumptive disease, etc.)

The individual participant data (IPD) was not allowed to use outside this research.