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Macrophages can exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions in response to stimuli and can polarize into one of three distinct phenotypes: a pro-inflammatory (M1), an anti-inflammatory pro-tissue (M2) and metabolically-activated (MMe) macrophage phenotypes. Thirty-six healthy volunteers were recruited and randomized into one of three macronutrient intake groups (glucose, lipids, proteins). This study measured the effects of macronutrient intake on the macrophage differentiation.
Thirty-six normal healthy adult volunteers of normal weight were recruited into the study. All were normotensive, had a normal lipid profile, normal renal and liver function tests, and were not on any medications. All subjects gave their written, informed consent. Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA) approved the study protocol. The 36 participants were randomly assigned by the primary investigator (PI) following simple randomization procedure (computerized random numbers) to three different groups, each received one type of macronutrient (Glucose, whey proteins or lipids). Following an overnight fast, a baseline blood sample was taken. Subjects were then given either 300 calories of glucose (NERL Trutol 75) or lipids (90 grams whipping cream, 31.5 grams fat, 1.7 grams protein and 2.25 grams carbohydrate) or protein (Isopure unflavored Whey proteins isolate (WPI) powder containing 26 grams per serving of 100% WPI, stripped of fat, carbs, fillers, sugars and lactose) solution over 5 minutes. Cream and protein preparations were diluted with water up to 300 mL solutions. Further blood samples were obtained at 1, 2 and 3 hours after the macronutrient intake. Subjects, either one week before or after the macronutrient challenge, were given 300 mL of water to drink in the fasting state. Blood samples were obtained before and at 1, 2 and 3 h after water intake as well. Each subject served as his/her own control and was randomly given macronutrient or water intake.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid intake | Active Comparator | 12 subjects had 300 Calories of lipids or 300 mL of water. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hrs post intake. There was a one week period between the 2 intakes. |
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| Glucose intake | Active Comparator | 12 subjects had 300 Calories of glucose or 300 mL of water. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hrs post intake. There was a one week period between the 2 intakes. |
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| Protein intake | Active Comparator | 12 subjects had 300 Calories Whey protein intake or 300 mL of water. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hrs post intake. There was a one week period between the 2 intakes. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid Intake | Dietary Supplement | 90 grams whipping cream, 31.5 grams fat, 1.7 grams protein, and 2.25 grams carbohydrate |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Detection of markers of M1 and M2 macrophages | The following markers were used to detect M1 and M2 macrophages (M1:CD86, IL-6, CD11c, and CD169, and M2: CD206, CD163, and CD36) | Subject recruitment, enrollment and sample collection were carried out in a period of 3 months. Baseline blood samples were drawn before the caloric or water intake, and subsequent blood samples were drawn at 1-, 2- and 3-hour intervals post the intake |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Awad Alshahrani, MD | Ministry of Natioanl Guard Health Affairs | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25368618 | Background | Italiani P, Boraschi D. From Monocytes to M1/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation. Front Immunol. 2014 Oct 17;5:514. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00514. eCollection 2014. | |
| 24669294 | Background | Martinez FO, Gordon S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000Prime Rep. 2014 Mar 3;6:13. doi: 10.12703/P6-13. eCollection 2014. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050197 | Atherosclerosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001161 | Arteriosclerosis |
| D001157 | Arterial Occlusive Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| Glucose intake | Dietary Supplement | 300 calories of glucose |
|
| Protein intake | Dietary Supplement | Isopure unflavored Whey proteins isolate (WPI) powder containing 26 grams per serving of 100% WPI, stripped of fat, carbs, fillers, sugars, and lactose |
|
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