The study aims to test if combination of sorafenib and omacetaxine mepesuccinate (OM, also known as homoharringtonine) results in durable composite complete remission (CRc) in patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carrying FLT3-ITD (Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 - Internal Tandem Duplication).

The type of AML being studied in this clinical trial is known as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD) positive AML. This type of AML has an alteration (or mutation) in genes, which may associated with high risk of relapse after conventional chemotherapy and hence an extremely poor clinical outcome.

FLT3 inhibitors including sorafenib are effective in inducing remission. However, their effects are only transient. There is an unmet clinic need to enhance their effectiveness, hence clinical application.

This is a Phase II single-arm open-labeled study. A total of 40 eligible patients with consent will be recruited, including 20 patients with newly diagnosed and 20 with R/R FLT3-ITD AML.

For newly diagnosed patients, diagnostic bone marrow (BM) and/or peripheral blood (PB) will be evaluated by next generation sequencing (NGS) based on myeloid panel that comprises 54 myeloid genes as well as their in vitro response to sorafenib and omacetaxine mepesuccinate (OM) based on an in-house platform that was established in our laboratory. FLT3-ITD allelic burden will also be evaluated.

For R/R patients, FLT3-ITD status and allelic burden will be confirmed before treatment. Both groups of patients will receive sorafenib 400 mg twice daily continuously and OM 1.5 mg/m2 daily for 7 days every 28 days until progression or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Thereafter, patients will be followed up and information about disease status and survival will be collected. BM examination will be performed on day 28 to document morphological response and FLT3-ITD allelic burden.

At leukemia progression, BM and/or PB samples will be collected and their in vitro response to sorafenib and OM examined. The tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of FLT3 will also be sequenced and FLT3-ITD allelic burden will be evaluated.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Provision of written informed consent approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB).
2. Age ≥18 years
3. Documented primary AML or AML secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), as defined by World Health Organization criteria
4. At diagnosis or in morphological relapse after an initial remission or refractory after induction chemotherapy, with or without HSCT
5. Documentation of FLT3-ITD in BM or blood with allelic burden of ≥ 20% as determined by the study site laboratory
6. ECOG performance score 0-2
7. Serum creatinine ≤1.5×upper limit of normal (ULN), or glomerular filtration rate >25 mL/min, as calculated with the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
8. Serum potassium, magnesium, and calcium (corrected for albumin) within institutional normal limits. Subjects with electrolytes outside the normal range will be eligible if these values are corrected upon retesting following any necessary supplementation.
9. Total serum bilirubin ≤1.5×ULN.
10. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and/or alanine transaminase (ALT) ≤ 2.5×ULN.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML subtype M3)
2. Prior treatment with any FLT3 inhibitors
3. Known infection with human immunodeficiency virus, or active hepatitis B or C infection.
4. Refusal of blood product transfusion.
5. In a man whose sexual partner is a woman of childbearing potential, unwillingness or inability of the man or woman to use an acceptable contraceptive method for the entire study treatment period and for at least 3 months after study treatment completion
6. In a heterosexually active woman of childbearing potential, unwillingness or inability to use an acceptable contraceptive method for the entire study treatment period and for at least 3 months after study treatment completion
7. Pregnancy
8. Female subjects must agree not to breastfeed at screening and throughout the study period, and for 45 days after the final study drug administration.