The objective of the present study is to identify brain networks in patients that contribute to successfully learning self-regulation with real-time fMRI.

Neurofeedback has been established as a promising non-pharmacological therapeutic approach. However, patients differ in their ability to learn control over their own brain activity with neurofeedback. It is thus crucial to understand the brain networks that mediate learned self-regulation with real-time fMRI. The objective of the present study is thus to identify brain networks in patients that contribute to successfully learning self-regulation with real-time fMRI. To achieve this goal, patients suffering from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and nicotine addiction will be trained to improve their self-regulation skills using established real-time fMRI neurofeedback protocols.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Magnetic resonance imaging compatibility.
• DSM-V diagnosis of major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or nicotine addiction, respectively.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other physical or psychiatric disorders.
• Current substance abuse.
• Exclusion criteria applicable to MRI (metallic implants, claustrophobia, epilepsy).