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This randomized controlled trial examines the effect of nature exposure on pain intensity levels among older adults who experience chronic pain. Investigators examine the effects of nature on: the experience of chronic pain, on pain catastrophizing, and on attention restoration.
Nature has been used to reduce pain in the context of acute pain (e.g., during painful medical procedures) but nature has not been examined as an intervention strategy to address chronic pain. Second, the mechanism though which nature might reduce the experience of pain is not well understood. Participants are cognitively intact individuals aged 60-90 who experience chronic pain and who rate their health as fair, good or excellent. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three conditions: virtual reality (VR) nature; VR built environment; or control. Researchers examine effects of VR nature exposure on the experience of chronic pain, pain catastrophizing, and on attention restoration as well as the relations among these variables.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural Environment | Experimental | Participants experience a virtual reality natural environment intervention (using VR goggles with Smartphone) for 10 minutes on two occasions, 1 week apart. |
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| Built Environment | Experimental | Participants experience a virtual reality built environment intervention (using VR goggles with Smartphone) for 10 minutes on two occasions, 1 week apart. |
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| Control | No Intervention | Participants do not experience a VR intervention. Instead they visit with research assistants for 10 minutes on two occasions, 1 week apart. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural Environment | Other | the natural environment will be delivered via Samsung VR gear goggles with Samsung smartphone. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Experience of chronic pain | rating of pain intensity, on scale of 1-10 | up to 3 weeks; from date of randomization until 2nd data collection date |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain catastrophizing | rate 13 items on 5-point scale (0-4) (Sullivan, et al., 2001) | up to 3 weeks; from date of randomization until 2nd data collection date |
| cognitive functioning | attention restoration - digit span forward & backwards; Attention Network Test |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nancy M Wells, PhD | Design + Environmental Analysis, Cornell University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cornell University | Ithaca | New York | 14853 | United States |
There is not a plan to share individual participant data with other researchers.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000076624 | Built Environment |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004779 | Environment Design |
| D004777 | Environment |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |
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| Built Environment | Other | the built environment will be delivered via Samsung VR gear goggles with Samsung smartphone. |
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| up to 3 weeks; from date of randomization until 2nd data collection date |