Preemptive Use of Piroxicam-beta-Cyclodextrin on Tooth Sensitivity Caused by In-office Bleaching: Randomized, Triple-blind, Controlled Clinical Trial
Preemptive Use of Piroxicam-beta-Cyclodextrin on Tooth Sensitivity Caused by In-office Bleaching: Randomized, Triple-blind, Controlled Clinical Trial
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of preemptive administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Piroxicam-beta-Cyclodextrin on risk and level of tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching procedures using 35% hydrogen peroxide.
Fifty patients will be selected for this triple-blind, randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Piroxicam-beta-Cyclodextrin (200 mg) or placebo will be administrated in a single-dose thirty minutes prior to bleaching procedure. The whitening treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide will be carried out in two sessions with a 7-day interval. Tooth sensitivity will be assessed Immediately before bleaching agent removal and up to 24 hours after each session the procedure using analog visual and verbal scales. Color alteration will be assessed by a bleach guide scale 7 days after each session. Relative risk to sensitivity will be calculated and adjusted by session; while comparison of overall risk will performed by Fisher's exact test. Data on the sensitivity level for both scales and color shade will be subjected to the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests, respectively (α = 0.05).
Methods & Materials:
This clinical trial was approved by the Scientific Review Committee and by the Ethics Committee on Research Involving Humans at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe (CAAE 50511415.1.0000.5546).
Trial design:
This study will be a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a cross-over design. The patients included will be submitted to two in-office bleaching sessions receiving placebo (control) or Piroxicam-beta-Cyclodextrin prior to the bleaching procedure; while different treatments will be allocated for each session. A delay of 1 week between the sessions (wash-out) will be established. The study will be conducted at the clinic of the School of Dentistry of the local university from December 2016 to May 2017.
Participants:
Patients included in this clinical trial will be at least 18 years old with good oral health. Patients with any of the six upper anterior teeth with caries lesions, restoration, severe discoloration (e.g., stains caused by tetracycline), fluorosis, gingival recession, dentin exposure, periodontal diseases, pulpitis, or endodontics treatment will be excluded. Participants submitted to previous bleaching procedures, presenting prior tooth sensitivity, known allergy to any component of medication used in the study, Continuous use of drugs with anti-inflammatory actions, pregnant or breastfeeding will be also excluded. Only patients presenting all six upper anterior teeth with shade mismatching with 2.5 M2 (Vita Bleachguide 3D-Master scale, Vita-Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) or darker will be included.
Sample Size Calculation:
The sample calculation will be based on the primary binary outcome (sensitivity risk 24 hours after the procedure) for superiority trial. Power of the test will be set at 80%, considering a type I error of 0.05; risk to tooth sensitivity of 90%, based on a prior study using similar bleaching agent, while a reduction around 30% with the treatment will be expected. The calculation resulted in fifty patients.
Randomization:
A randomized list will be computer-generated by a person not involved in intervention or evaluation. The participants were defined as blocks in the randomization process, where the sequence of treatment (placebo or piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin) will be randomly set for each block by using computer-generated tables (www.sealedenvelope.com). The sequence will be inserted into sealed envelopes numbered from 1 to 50 that were opened by the operator only at the moment of the intervention. The patients were numbered according to the sequence of enrollment. Neither the participant nor the operator knew the group allocation determining blinding to the protocol.
Baseline evaluation:
Prior to bleaching procedure, the teeth will be cleaned using rubber cups associated to pumice and water. The shades of six upper anterior teeth will be assessed on a baseline using the bleach guide scale (Vita Bleach Guide,Vita-Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckinge, Germany). The shades' tabs selected will be converted to scores ranging from 1 (whiter shade - 0M1) to 15 (darker shade - 5M3).
Intervention:
Thirty minutes prior to each bleaching session, the patients will receive a capsule containing 20mg of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin or 20mg of placebo (inert content), according to the randomization, while the capsules will present the same appearance. The capsules with similar presentation will be manufactured by a person not involved in intervention or evaluation and will be placed into two bottles identified by letters according to treatment. Neither the operators responsible for intervention and evaluation nor the patients knew the content of each capsule.
A light-cured resin dam will be applied (Top Dam, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) on the gingival tissue corresponding to the teeth to be bleached. A 35% hydrogen peroxide based bleaching agent (Whiteness HP Maxx, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) will be mixed and applied on the vestibular surface of teeth, remaining for 45 minutes. After this time, the bleaching agent will be removed. A second session will beas carried out after 1 week following the same procedures. At this time, the patient received a single-dose capsule containing piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin or placebo (different from the ones received at first session) thirty minutes before the procedure.
Evaluations:
The tooth sensitivity reported by patients will be recorded using both VAS and a verbal rating (VRS) scales. For VAS, the patient set her/his sensitivity level by pointing with a pen to the colored 10-cm scale and the distance from the border corresponding to absence of pain will be recorded. Tooth sensitivity will be also scored according to VRS, where 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = considerable, and 4 = severe.
The maximum level of tooth sensitivity will be evaluated during the bleaching procedure, during the first 24 hours and the level of sensitivity at that time. VRS will define the presence (score different from 0) or absence of tooth sensitivity in all time assessments. One week after each session the tooth color will be evaluated again using the same procedure described previously.
Statistical Analysis:
The demographic data from patients will be analyzed to determine age and gender for each allocation sequence. Comparisons between the allocation sequences will be performed by the Mann-Whitney test (age) and Fisher's exact (gender).
Based on presence of any tooth sensitivity (scores different from 0 for VRS), the absolute risk, odds ratio and relative risk will be calculated regarding the treatments for each moment of evaluation/session of bleaching, as well as its confidence intervals (95%). For each moment, differences on presence/absence ratios will be analyzed by Fisher's exact test. For the overall risk related to each treatment, the odds ratio will be adjusted to independent variable "session of bleaching" using the Mantel-Haenszel statistic. The homogeneity of odds ratios will be analyzed by the Breslow-Day and Tarone's tests. Following, the odds ratio estimated will be converted to relative risk and the overall presence/absence ratios will be analyzed by the McNemar's test, considering the study design (cross-over).
For VRS, the data from scores observed in each time of evaluation/session of bleaching will be submitted to the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Despite the measurement of tooth sensitivity using VAS giving a continuous outcome, data assessed with this scale did not show a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk's test). Thus, data from VAS will be also analyzed by the Mann-Whitney rank sum test, while one test per time of evaluation will be carried out.
For color evaluation, comparisons between the sequences of treatment will be performed using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. The Friedman test followed by Dunn's post hoc test will be used to analyze the difference between the moments of evaluation for each sequence of treatment. All statistical analyses will be performed adjusting the initial significance level (α = 0.05) by Bonferroni correction.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: