High drop out rate due to subjects needing to record details of every meal

There is an ongoing and worsening problem with obesity in the developed, and much of the developing world. Although it has long been realized that Western diets that are rich in sugar and fat play an important role in this, it has only recently been realized that exposure to these diets, particularly in childhood, can damage the part of the brain that determines how much fat there is in the body. The result of this damage is that the so-called "set-point" for fat in this part of the brain is pushed upwards. There is a lot of evidence from animals that activating the brain's balance (vestibular) system pushes this set-point for fat downwards to cause fat loss, probably because this tricks the brain into thinking that the animal is more physically active. The aim of this study is to see whether the same effect can be triggered in humans by non-invasively stimulating the vestibular system with a small electrical current through the skin behind their ears.

There is a growing realization that obesity can, in many ways, be viewed as a neurological disease triggered by lifestyle factors. There is clear evidence that the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus regulates a "set-point" for how much fat the body should have. It does so by altering appetite and metabolic rate so that deviations too far in either direction are strongly resisted. This set-point is determined by genetic, epigenetic and lifestyle factors. Thus, excessive exposure to dietary monosaccharides, such as glucose, and saturated fats, especially in childhood and adolescence, can damage the neurons of the arcuate nucleus and push the set-point up. This then can condemn sufferers to a lifetime of obesity.

Establishing a method of tuning down the set-point for body fat thus has to be a goal if we are to successfully combat the current obesity pandemic. A significant amount of animal work suggests that stimulating the vestibular system in the inner ear, by means of chronic centrifugation, actually does just that and causes a reduction in body fat. This is likely because the chronic vestibular activation is taken by the brain to represent a state of increased physical activity, and in order to optimize homeostasis it would be appropriate for the body to have a leaner physique, by reducing unnecessary energy expenditure from carrying excess fat.

It is possible to stimulate the vestibular nerve in humans by applying a small electrical current to the skin behind the ears. This is an established technology that is believed to be safe, but only previously used for research purposes. We found in a pilot study that recurrent stimulation of this kind for two or three hours a week over four months led to a statistically significant reduction in truncal fat in the active group as opposed to the control group who underwent sham stimulation.

Given the current, and increasing levels of global obesity, it is important to determine whether non-invasive electrical vestibular nerve stimulation (VeNS), otherwise known as galvanic vestibular stimulation, is a viable treatment option. Changes in body fat will be measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Signed informed consent

   Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, or BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 with one or more of these obesity related co-morbid conditions:

   1. History of treatment for systemic hypertension
   2. History of treatment for dyslipidemia
   3. History of treatment for sleep apnea syndrome
   4. Stable cardiovascular disease (no change in medication and no active events within 1 year).

2. Males or Females. Note females of child-bearing potential must have a negative urine pregnancy test at screen and also just before each DXA scan. (As DXA involves a small dose of ionizing radiation). They should agree to follow a physician-approved contraceptive regimen for the duration of the study period (other than DMPA injections as this causes weight gain).

3. 22-80 years of age inclusive on starting the study.

4. Ability and willingness to complete all study visits and procedures.

5. Owner of a smart phone (iOS or Android) in order to access the diet monitoring and advice app, activity monitoring app, and the app that reports on the status of the stimulation devices used in the study.

6. Agreement not to use of prescription drug therapy or the use of over-the-counter weight loss preparations for the duration of the trial.

7. Agreement not to start smoking tobacco or marijuana for the duration of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of vestibular dysfunction.
2. History of bariatric surgery, fundoplication, gastric resection or major upper-abdominal surgery (acceptable surgeries include cholecystectomy, hysterectomy).
3. History of skin breakdown, eczema or other dermatological condition (e.g. psoriasis) affecting the skin behind the ears, or of the head and neck.
4. History of weight loss device implantation (e.g. VBloc Maestro or Abiliti), or use of a non-invasive device.
5. Untreated thyroid disorder (stable treatment for 3 months is acceptable).
6. Other endocrinological causes of weight gain (e.g. Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome or acromegaly)
7. Previous diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS (HIV is known to cause a vestibular neuropathy which would prevent VeNS from working).
8. History of cirrhosis, or liver, kidney or heart failure.
9. Chronic pancreatitis.
10. Treatment with prescription weight-loss drug therapy in the year before starting the study.
11. Tobacco or marijuana smoking in the year prior to starting and for the duration of the study.
12. Known genetic cause of obesity (e.g., Prader-Willi Syndrome).
13. Body weight change of more than 10% in either direction within the previous year.
14. Physician-prescribed diet, and/ or current, active member of an organized weight loss program (e.g., Weight Watchers). (Note: study subjects may continue any personal eating plan they were on prior to study enrollment)
15. Diabetes mellitus (Types 1 & 2). (See Section 9 Research Design and Methods, Appendix 3)
16. Diagnosis of epilepsy or use of anti-epileptic medication within six months of starting the study (e.g. for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy)
17. Chronic (more than a month of daily use) treatment with opioid analgesic drugs within the last year.
18. Regular use (more than twice a month) of anti-histamine medication.
19. Use of oral or intravenous corticosteroid medication within a year of starting the study.
20. Use of the beta-blockers atenolol, metoprolol or propranolol within 3 months of starting the study.
21. Current alterations in treatment regimens of anti-depressant medication for whatever reason (other than tricyclic antidepressants) (Note: stable treatment regimen for prior six months acceptable).
22. An active diagnosis of cancer.
23. A myocardial infarction within the preceding year.
24. A history of stroke or severe head injury (as defined by a head injury that required intensive care). (In case this damaged the neurological pathways involved in vestibular stimulation).
25. Presence of permanently implanted battery powered medical device or stimulator (e.g., pacemaker, implanted defibrillator, deep brain stimulator, vagal nerve stimulator etc.).
26. Psychiatric disorders (including untreated severe depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, bulimia nervosa etc.)
27. Current participant in another weight loss study or other clinical trials.
28. Have a family member who is currently participating or is planning to participate in this study.
29. Subject weighs over 350 pounds as this is the weight limit of the DXA scanner.

12 months

Low-risk device - Adverse events and serious adverse events were collected throughout the trial and followed-up with, including after trial termination.

Double blind