The main study objective is to determine the feasibility and impact (effectiveness) of intervention models for lifestyle changing (diet and physical activity) on health outcomes. Women 50 to 54-year-old attending the local breast cancer screening and 58-year-old people (both sexes) undergoing colorectal cancer screening are invited to participate in the study. Compliers are randomized into 3 intervention groups (Diet, Physical Activity, and Physical Activity and Diet) and into the 'usual care' Control group. Biological sampling (blood and saliva) is collected from all participants. All participants undergo also anthropometric measurements and fill in a self-administered validated questionnaire on their dietary and physical activity habits. All enrolled subjects receive a booklet with basic information about diet and physical activity. Subjects randomized to the 3 intervention groups are also offered one theoretical and three training courses. The courses are specifically designed for the different interventions proposed and aimed at reinforcing the educational counseling and at supporting behavioral changes.

Follow-up is performed at 8 (intermediate follow-up) and 12-14 (final follow-up) months for repeating anthropometric measurements and questionnaire filling and blood sampling (at the final one).

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention models on diet and physical activity.

The study randomizes eligible subjects into four groups: Diet group, Physical Activity group, Physical Activity and Diet group and "Usual Care" control group. To each group a specific intervention is delivered, consisting of counselling, informative material, and dedicated training.

All participants (with the exception of the control group) receive a basic counselling by field experts. Afterwards they are offered an advanced training including more specific and detailed actions.

An information booklet specifically developed for this study is distributed to all participants. The booklet contains general information on primary prevention, based on the most reliable and updated bibliographic sources on diet and physical exercise.

Together with the letter of screening invitation eligible men and women receive the proposal to participate in the STI.VI. study. Participation to screening is not considered a prerequisite for study participation. A direct phone number and e-mail address are given for extra information.

At the time of screening A screening receptionist asks people who received the STI.VI. invitation (identified through a flag) whether they are interested in the STI.VI. study and therefore refers them to the STI.VI. desk.

At the STI.VI. desk, trained research assistants give further explanations and additional material (patient information sheet, informed consent form and the STI.VI. questionnaire). If informed consent is signed, an appointment is fixed for anthropometric measurements and for taking blood and saliva samples.

People are asked to fill in the questionnaire and to hand it back at the time of the blood sampling.

The STI.VI. questionnaire consists of 5 sections (physical activity, dietary habits, smoking habits, general health conditions, and general information) in order to collect baseline information on lifestyle habits. Type, amount and frequencies of dietary consumptions and physical activities are collected. The questionnaire also investigates the perception of one's own lifestyle and an motivation towards change.

In this study phase all participants are randomly allocated to the 4 study groups.

This is achieved through a permuted block design with block size of 12, 16, and 20 units width (W.F. Rosenberger, J. Lachin. Randomization in clinical trials: theory and practice. Wiley and sons, 2002, pag. 57). This method allows an almost complete uniform distribution of the randomisation groups in every moment of the study; this is necessary in order to simplify the subsequent courses management (see below). Participants are told about their group allocation at the time of biological sampling / anthropometric measurements, only.

At baseline appointment.

Participant subjects undergo anthropometric measurements. The following information are collected:

• Reproductive and eventual menopause history (women only)
• Eventual drug therapy under way,
• Height,
• Body composition,
• Waist circumference
• Arterial pressure. Then participants undergo blood drawing. Two types of blood samples are drawn: one for immediate biochemical analysis and another to be frozen. The freshly blood is used for instantaneous examinations for the following clinic-biochemical parameters: Insulin, Glucose, Total Cholesterol, LDL,HDL, Triglycerides, Minerals (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Iron), IGF-I, Testosterone, 17-ß-Estradiol, SHBG. These analyses are made for women invited to mammography screening while for people invited to colorectal screening supplemental tests are made also for vitamin D, 25 OH, PRC and high sensitive PRC.

Cryopreserved blood samples are stored in a bio-bank for epigenetic, metabolomics and metabonomics analyses. Bio-banking includes a security system and a data base specifically implemented for samples storage and traceability.

About 3 ml of saliva are also collected to investigate variations in genetic and metabolic parameters. Saliva samples are cryopreserved with the same modalities as blood samples.

Immediately after biological sampling / anthropometric measurements a short counselling takes place. Trained counsellors answer all eventual questions on the study posed by participants and inform them on the next steps. They also deliver to all participants a basic booklet containing general information on primary prevention, based on the most reliable and updated bibliographic sources on diet and physical exercise (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 2007; WHO, Move for Health, 2002; EU Working Group "Sport and Health", EU Physical Activity Guidelines, 2008).

Follow-up phase

Two follow-ups are planned:

• Intermediate, after 8 months since biological sampling / anthropometric measurements (the exact date is reckoned calculating 6 months + the average intervention duration ± 2 weeks, for managing reasons): it consists of repeating anthropometric measurements and questionnaire filling, and counselling.

All participants are contacted by letter and/or telephone, inviting them to contact the study secretariat in order to fix an appointment for repeating anthropometric measurements and questionnaire filling; during the follow-up visit trained counsellors verify participants' compliance with the provided recommendations, examine eventual encountered difficulties and provide support if needed.

• Final, after 6 months from intermediate follow-up (i.e., after 14 months since biological sampling / anthropometric measurements): it consists of repeating anthropometric measurements, biological sampling, and questionnaire filling, and counselling.

All participants are contacted by letter and/or telephone, inviting them to contact the study secretariat in order to fix an appointment for repeating once again anthropometric measurements, questionnaire filling and also biological sampling.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 49 to 55-year-old women invited to mammography screening,
• 58 to 61 year-old people (both sexes) invited to colorectal screening

Exclusion Criteria:

• psychiatric disorders,
• disabling disease
• life expectancy <6 months
• eating or deambulation disorders
• in physiotherapy at the time of recruitment.