Study team has decided to focus on other projects

This study evaluates the impact of hypoxic and hyperoxic breathing on measures of brain redox balance and metabolism in healthy individuals. All participants will undergo an MRI scan during administration of air mixtures with different oxygen concentrations to collect the brain measures.

Molecular oxygen (O2) constitutes 21% of the air people breathe at sea level. But humans can safely be exposed to somewhat lower and higher concentrations of oxygen. The varying amounts of oxygen entering the body modulate the oxygen available in tissue, ultimately leading to change in redox balance and metabolism. The investigators recently developed non-invasive MRI-based techniques to quantify redox balance and ATP generation in the brain. These processes are thought to be abnormal in people with psychiatric disorders.

In this study, the investigators aim to manipulate the concentration of oxygen in the breathed air in 2 separate MRI scans on consecutive days (16% and 26%). The investigators anticipate that healthy individuals will demonstrate changes in brain redox balance and metabolism in response to these modulations.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female individuals age between 18 and 40 years old
• BMI between 19 and 29 kg/m2
• Having capacity to consent to the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Under 18 or over 40 Family history of psychiatric illness among first degree relatives (parents, siblings, or children)
• Delirium secondary to medical illness
• Any contraindication to MR scan, including claustrophobia, pregnancy, etc.
• Medical condition that might endanger the subject during or after a blood draw (e.g. hemophilia)
• Significant medical or neurological illness
• Prior high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) diagnosis Born at altitudes greater than 2,100 m (~7,000 ft) Systemic disease with or without any functional limitation; including controlled hypertension controlled diabetes without systemic effects any cardiac conditions with or without functional limitation, such as, coronary artery disease or valve disease Pregnancy determined by urine pregnancy test, detecting presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), less than six weeks postpartum, or planning to conceive during the study period.

Women who are not willing to receive serum pregnancy tests Active smoking and tobacco chewers. Volunteers may be enrolled if they quit smoking for more than 1 year.

Excess alcohol use: more than ½ L/day of wine consumption or equivalent Any current medication use except oral contraceptives. Living in areas that are more than 1,200 m (~4,000 feet), or have traveled to areas that are more than 1,200 m for more than four days within the last 2 months Anemia, as defined by hemoglobin < 10g/dL Abnormal hemoglobin (e.g. presence of hemoglobin S) Evidence of apnea or other sleeping disorders Evidence of asthma Lower respiratory infection within the last 30 days Not willing to have blood drawn from an arm vein each test day of the study Claustrophobia (inability to tolerate MRI scan or wear a facemask) Currently enrolled in another research study Facial abnormalities that would preclude proper use of a face mask Hb<12