BIOLUMA is a multicentric non-randomised phase II trial in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Cohort 1) and patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) (Cohort 2) after failure of platinum-based first-line therapy. NSCLC patients are treated with nivolumab until disease progression and subsequently receive a combination therapy of nivolumab and ipilimumab. SCLC patients receive four cycles of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab and subsequent nivolumab monotherapy. Primary endpoint for both cohorts is overall response rate of combination therapy.

Within the diagnostic part tumor biopsies will be analysed. Tumor tissue will be obtained before initiation of therapy and after progression on nivolumab monotherapy before addition of ipilimumab in Cohort 1 and after completion of the four nivolumab/ipilimumab combination cycles before continuation of nivolumab monotherapy in Cohort 2, respectively. Flow cytometry of blood samples and microbiome analysis of deep rectal swaps are performed prior to therapy as well as during course of treatment.

Cohort 1 (NSCLC) is closed for enrollment due to Sponsor decision.

In Cohort 2 (SCLC) a prescreening for high Tumor Mutation Burden is necessary before enrollment.

Cohort 2 (SCLC) has been subdivided by amendment in Cohort 2a without prescreening and Cohort 2b with TMB-prescreening. For Cohort 2a enrollment has been stopped in December 2017. Cohort 2b is closed for enrollment as the cohort is fully recruited.

Note: Both cohorts are closed for enrollment

Inclusion Criteria:

• Cohort 1: Subjects with histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer who present with stage IIIB or stage IV disease after failure of platinum-based first-line therapy. Subjects who received adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy or definitive chemoradiation and develop recurrence or progression, with evidence of stage IIIB-IV disease within 6 months after completion of therapy, are eligible.
• Cohort 2: Subjects in Cohort 2 have to undergo Prescreening to determine Tumor Mutation Burden. Only patients with high Tumor Mutation Burden are eligible.

Subjects with histologically or cytologically confirmed limited-stage or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer after failure of platinum-based first-line therapy.

Cohort 1 and Cohort 2:

• Signed and dated written informed consent form must be obtained before the performance of any study-specific procedure
• Male or female patients ≥ 18 years of age
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0-1
• Subjects must be willing to undergo the baseline biopsie during screening, if medically feasible
• Measurable disease by CT or MRI per RECIST 1.1 criteria.
• Screening laboratory values must meet the following criteria and should be obtained within 28 days prior to registration: white blood cell count ≥ 2000/μL, Neutrophils ≥ 1500/μL, Platelets ≥ 100 x103/μL, Hemoglobin > 9.0 g/dL, Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥ 40 mL/min, AST/ALT ≤ 3 x ULN for patients without liver metastasis, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 5 x ULN for patients with liver metastasis, Total Bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN (except subjects with Gilbert Syndrome, who can have total bilirubin < 3.0 mg/dL)
• Prior chemotherapy must have been completed at least 4 weeks before study drug administration, and all AEs have either returned to baseline or stabilized.
• Prior palliative radiotherapy must have been completed at least 14 days prior to study drug administration
• Prior targeted therapy must have been completed at least 4 weeks prior to study drug administration
• Cohort 1 and 2a: Subjects with central nervous system (CNS) metastasis are eligible if CNS metastases are treated and subjects have neurologically returned to baseline (except for residual signs or symptoms related to the CNS treatment) for at least 28 days prior to first dose of study drug administration. In addition, subjects must either be off corticosteroids or on a stable dose or decreasing dose of ≤ 10 mg daily prednisone (or equivalent).

Cohort 2b: Subjects with CNS metastases are eligible. Radiation of CNS metastases at initiation of study drug treatment is allowed if the trial subject has target lesions outside of the brain.

• Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must use appropriate method(s) of contraception and must agree to use adequate method to avoid pregnancy for 5 month after the last dose of study drug.
• Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of b-HCG) within 24 hours prior to the start of nivolumab.
• Women must not be breastfeeding.
• Men who are sexually active with WOCBP must use any contraceptive method with a failure rate of less than 1% per year. Men receiving nivolumab and who are sexually active with WOCBP must be willing to adhere to contraception for a period of 7 month post treatment completion.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects with squamous cell NSCLC
• Cohort 1: activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation
• Cohort 1 and 2a only: More than one prior line of chemotherapy for treatment of advanced disease Note for Cohort 2b: inclusion of patients who received 2nd line treatment is allowed if 2nd line did not include an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2 or anti-CTLA-4 antibody as monotherapy or in combination with other than platinum-based chemotherapy.
• Medical conditions associated with significantly increased risk for bleeding complications caused by biopsy procedures (e.g. known coagulopathies, therapeutic anticoagulation)
• Cohort 1 and 2a only: Patients are excluded if they have active brain metastases or leptomeningeal metastases. Subjects with brain metastases are eligible if metastases have been treated and there is no magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of progression for 4 weeks after treatment is complete and within 28 days prior to the first dose of study drug administration. There must also be no requirement for immunosuppressive doses of systemic corticosteroids (> 10 mg/day prednisone equivalents) for at least 2 weeks prior to study drug administration.
• Presence or history of any other primary malignancy other than NSCLC for Cohort 1 and SCLC for Cohort 2 within 5 years prior to enrolment into the trial, except for adequately treated basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or any adequately treated in situ carcinoma.
• Active, known or suspected autoimmune disease. Subjects are permitted to enrol if they have vitiligo, type I diabetes mellitus, residual hypothyroidism due to autoimmune condition only requiring hormone replacement, psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger.
• Positive test for hepatitis B or hepatitis C indicating acute or chronic infection
• Known history of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or known acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• Subjects with a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalent) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of first dose of study drug administration. Inhaled or topical steroids and adrenal replacement steroid doses > 10 mg daily prednisone equivalent are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease.

Note for Cohort 2b: higher doses of corticosteroids for patients receiving radiation therapy of brain metastases are allowed.

• Interstitial lung disease that is symptomatic or may interfere with the detection or management of suspected drug-related pulmonary toxicity
• Prior systemic treatment with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or any other antibody or drug specifically targeting T-cell costimulation or immune checkpoint pathways.

Note: SCLC-Patients who where treated with a combination therapy of platinum-based chemotherapy together with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment are eligible.

• Prisoners or subjects who are involuntarily incarcerated.
• Any other serious or uncontrolled medical disorder, active infections, physical exam findings, laboratory finding, altered mental status, or psychiatric condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would limit a subject's ability to comply with the study requirements, substantially increase risk to the subject, or impact the interpretability or study results.
• Allergies and Adverse Drug Reaction: History of allergy to study drug components and history of severe hypersensitivity reaction to any monoclonal antibody
• Current treatment within another therapeutic clinical trial