Preliminary data collected and diets developed. Funding has ended and data used to support a larger application to test the hypothesis.

Increased stiffening of the heart and blood vessels is a predictor of heart disease. Stiffening has been found to be greater in women than men, which puts women with poor blood sugar control at a greater risk for heart disease than men. In women only, a molecule in the blood called uric acid can be elevated due to diets high in fructose consumption and it is thought to be a cause of heart and vessel stiffening. From previous research, we have found that restricting fructose in the diet lowers uric acid more in women than men. There is also a drug that can be used to lower uric acid. These findings suggest a potential approach to decrease vessel and heart stiffness in women. The present study will investigate fructose restriction in the diet and drug treatment to lower uric acid in the blood and its effects on heart disease risk in women compared to men.

This project will use treatments from 4-8 months to lower uric acid in men and women. This study has three parts and each subject will participate in only one part. Tests that will be performed before and after treatment include measurements of body weight, blood pressure, blood vessel stiffness, heart stiffness, and blood lipids and glucose.

Part 1: Dietary treatment The overall goal of part 1 is to remove fructose and simple sugars from the diets of women and men at risk for future heart disease. Dietary fructose will be replaced with starchy foods to keep the research subjects' body weights stable. Subjects will be treated for 4 months and measurements of vascular and heart stiffness will be made before, during, and after treatment.

Part 2: Drug treatment The overall goal of part 2 is to treat women and men with mild elevations in blood uric acid for 8 months. The treatment will be allopurinol administration, ramping up the dose over a 2 month period to achieve a uric acid concentration of 6 mg/dL. Measurements of vascular and heart stiffness will be made before, during, and after.

Part 3: Control, no treatment These individuals will undergo the same baseline and follow-up tests as the other two parts but have no treatments.

Tests that will be completed before and after

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men and women with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome.
2. 40-70 years of age
3. Overweight/obese subjects with BMI 25.1 - 40.0 kg/m2
4. Pre-diabetes defined as fasting glucose 100 - 125 mg/dL or 2h glucose 140 - 200 mg/dL
5. Habitual diets containing ≥ 13.0% of energy from added sugars
6. Serum uric acid ≥ 7.0 mg/dL for men and women

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Renal dysfunction (defined by glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <60), abnormal thyroid function or liver disease
2. Use of diuretics or azathioprine
3. Diabetes defined as fasting glucose ≥ 125 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥ 7%
4. Use of medications that interfere with lipid, protein, or carbohydrate metabolism, or occasional or regular tobacco use
5. Habitual diets with low content of added sugars (<5% of total energy)
6. History of gout , gouty arthritis, or uncontrolled hypertension
7. Pregnant
8. Vegetarian food restrictions (the diets consumed contain some meat, eggs and dairy)
9. Alcohol intake: females > 70 g/wk, males >140 g/wk
10. Inability to have an MRI