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The aim of this study is to compare the effects of kinesiology taping with exercise, sham taping with exercise and exercise alone for lateral epicondylitis.
Lateral epicondylitis or tennis elbow is a often-encountered disorder of elbow which is characterized by tenderness and pain over lateral epicondylitis of humerus and grip weakness. The annual incidence of lateral epicondylitis has been reported to be %1-3 in general population. Lateral epicondylitis is commonly associated with repetitive overuse of wrist, activities including strong grip which in turn cause microtears and degenerative changes over the common origin of wrist and finger extensors on lateral epicondyle. New researches have shown that the underlying mechanism is degenerative rather than inflammatory. It has been proposed that the cause of pain may be mechanical discontinuity of collagen fibers or biochemical irritation that results from damaged tendon tissue that activates nociceptors. It has been suggested that eccentric loading has been shown to assist with tendon rehabilitation by improving collagen alignment and stimulating collagen cross-linkage formation, both of which can improve tensile strength.
Kinesio taping (KT) which is a new application of adhesive taping was designed by Kenzo Kase to avoid unwanted effects of conventional taping such as restricting range of motion (ROM) and limiting functional activities. The recommended tape application methods are outlined in 'Clinical Therapeutic Applications of the Kinesio Taping Method' 8. Elastic therapeutic tape has been designed to allow for a longitudinal stretch of up to 140% of its resting length and has been designed to approximate the elastic qualities of the human skin. In particular, the application of the tape over stretched muscle to create convolutions in the skin has been hypothesized to reduce pressure in the mechanoreceptors below the dermis, thereby decreasing nociceptive stimuli. Another mechanism which is claimed by the proponent of the tape is that convolutions are raised ridges of the tape and the skin that are thought to decompress underlying structures and allow for enhanced circulation by increased subcutaneous space. In the last few years, the use of KT has become increasingly popular in rehabilitation programs as an adjunct in the treatment. However, scientific evidence about its effect is insufficient.
The aim of this study is to compare the effects of kinesiology taping with exercise, sham taping with exercise and exercise alone for lateral epicondylitis.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinesiotaping | Experimental | Kinesio taping by using space correction and fascia correction techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises |
|
| Sham taping | Sham Comparator | Sham taping without using any techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises |
|
| Control | Other | Stretching and strengthening exercises of wrist |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinesiotaping | Device | Kinesio tape will be applied by using space correction and fascia correction technique on forearm of the patients for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) | PRTEE is a 15-item questionnaire designed to measure the forearm pain and disability in patients with LE. PRTEE allows patients to rate their levels of elbow pain and disability from 0 to 10. Test consists of 2 subscales: 1) Pain subscale [5 items] (0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable) 2) Function subscale [Specific activities - 6 items, Usual activities - 4 items] (0 = no difficulty, 10 = unable to do). A total score can be computed on a scale of 100 (0 = no disability). | 0. week (Baseline), 2. week (After Treatment), 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (QuickDash) | The patients will be requested to score from 1 to 5 points any difficulty experienced during different daily activities related to the upper extremity. Test has 1 module of compulsory items and two optional modules: work module (4 items) and sport/performing arts module (4 items). Scores range from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate more disability. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gulseren Derya Akyuz, MD,Prof | Marmara University School of Medicine, PM&R Department | Study Director |
| Esra Giray | Marmara University School of Medicine, PM&R Department | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marmara University School of Medicine Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | Istanbul | 34899 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Wegener RL, Brown T, O'Brien L. A randomized controlled trial of comparative effectiveness of elastic therapeutic tape, sham tape or eccentric exercises alone for lateral elbow tendinosis. Hand Therapy 2016;21(4):131-9. | ||
| Background | Kase K. Clinical therapeutic applications of the Kinesio taping methods. 2016. | ||
| 23185733 | Result | Lee SS, Kang S, Park NK, Lee CW, Song HS, Sohn MK, Cho KH, Kim JH. Effectiveness of initial extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the newly diagnosed lateral or medial epicondylitis. Ann Rehabil Med. 2012 Oct;36(5):681-7. doi: 10.5535/arm.2012.36.5.681. Epub 2012 Oct 31. | |
| 23796685 |
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Number of patients assessed for eligibility was 41. Among them,8 participants were excluded due to being inappropiate for the inclusion criteria (2 had concomittant radiculopathy, 2 were diagnosed as cubital tunnel syndrome, 2 were diagnosed as carpal tunnel syndrome and 2 of them had duration of symptoms were more than 12 weeks)
Recruitment period was March 2017-May 2017 Setting: A university hospital outpatient clinics
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Kinesiotaping | Kinesio taping by using space correction and fascia correction techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises Kinesio taping: Kinesio tape will be applied by using space correction and fascia correction technique on forearm of the patients for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. . |
| FG001 | Control | Stretching and strengthening exercises of wrist Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. . |
| FG002 | Sham Taping | Sham taping without using any techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises Sham taping: Sham taping will be performed without using any technique Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. . |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Kinesiotaping | Kinesio taping by using space and fascia correction techniques on forearm of the patients for lateral epicondylitis treatment will be applied every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises. Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) | PRTEE is a 15-item questionnaire designed to measure the forearm pain and disability in patients with LE. PRTEE allows patients to rate their levels of elbow pain and disability from 0 to 10. Test consists of 2 subscales: 1) Pain subscale [5 items] (0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable) 2) Function subscale [Specific activities - 6 items, Usual activities - 4 items] (0 = no difficulty, 10 = unable to do). A total score can be computed on a scale of 100 (0 = no disability). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | units on a scale | 0. week (Baseline), 2. week (After Treatment), 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
6 weeks
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Kinesiotaping | Kinesio taping by using space correction and fascia correction techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises Kinesio taping: Kinesio tape will be applied by using space correction and fascia correction technique on forearm of the patients for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. No adverse effect occured. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allergy to Tape | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Non-systematic Assessment | Contact dermatitis due to tape |
The limitations of this study are small sample size and relatively short follow-up time. Also, only patients with symptom duration less than 12 weeks were included so results of the study can not be generalized for chronic lateral epicondylitis.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gulseren Derya Akyuz | Marmara University School of Medicine | +90 216 657 06 06 | 1628 | girayesra@hotmail.com |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Mar 8, 2017 | Oct 1, 2019 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Mar 8, 2017 | Oct 1, 2019 | SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013716 | Tennis Elbow |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000070639 | Elbow Tendinopathy |
| D052256 | Tendinopathy |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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Parallel Assignment
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To ensure group concealment, randomization will be done by using opaque, sealed envelopes which the assessors will be blinded to
| Sham taping | Other | Sham taping will be performed without using any technique |
|
| Exercise | Other | Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. . |
|
| 0. week (Baseline), 2. week (After Treatment), 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Rest | Pain on lateral epicondyle at rest during the day was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS 0-10 cm). Higher score indicates more pain. | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Daily Activity | Pain on lateral epicondyle during daily activity was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS 0-10 cm). Higher score indicates more pain. | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Night | Pain on lateral epicondyle at night was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS 0-10 cm). Higher score indicates more pain. | 0. week (Baseline), 2. week (After Treatment), 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Painless Grip Strength | Grip strength will be measured using a hand held dynamometer (JAMAR, Sammons Preston, Inc., Bolingbrook, IL). Patients will be asked to grip the dynamometer until (s)he feel pain in elbow. Three evaluations will be made with resting periods in between and average scores will be recorded. | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Grip Strength | Grip strength will be measured using a hand held dynamometer (JAMAR, Sammons Preston, Inc., Bolingbrook, IL). Patients will be asked to grip with maximum strength. Three evaluations will be made with resting periods in between and average scores will be recorded. | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
| Result |
| Kucuksen S, Yilmaz H, Salli A, Ugurlu H. Muscle energy technique versus corticosteroid injection for management of chronic lateral epicondylitis: randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Nov;94(11):2068-74. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.05.022. Epub 2013 Jun 22. |
| 11869609 | Result | Struijs PA, Smidt N, Arola H, Dijk vC, Buchbinder R, Assendelft WJ. Orthotic devices for the treatment of tennis elbow. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001821. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001821. |
| 27666156 | Result | Guo YH, Kuan TS, Chen KL, Lien WC, Hsieh PC, Hsieh IC, Chiu SH, Lin YC. Comparison Between Steroid and 2 Different Sites of Botulinum Toxin Injection in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Drug-Controlled Pilot Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Jan;98(1):36-42. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.08.475. Epub 2016 Sep 22. |
| 18365136 | Result | Altan L, Kanat E. Conservative treatment of lateral epicondylitis: comparison of two different orthotic devices. Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Aug;27(8):1015-9. doi: 10.1007/s10067-008-0862-8. Epub 2008 Mar 26. |
| 27232082 | Result | Dilek B, Batmaz I, Sariyildiz MA, Sahin E, Ilter L, Gulbahar S, Cevik R, Nas K. Kinesio taping in patients with lateral epicondylitis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016 Nov 21;29(4):853-858. doi: 10.3233/BMR-160701. |
| Adverse Event |
|
| BG001 |
| Sham Taping |
Sham taping without using any techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. |
| BG002 | Control | Only-exercises group: Stretching and strengthening exercises of wrist Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Duration of Symptoms | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | weeks |
|
| Nirschl Score | Nirschl Scoring is a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7 and classifying LE by the pain phase as a guide to the severity of the problem. Phase 1: Mild pain with exercise, resolves in 24 hours; Phase 2: Pain with exercise, exceeds 48 hours; Phase 3: Pain with exercise, does not alter activity; Phase 4: Pain with exercise, alters activity; Phase 5: Pain with heavy activities of daily living; Phase 6: Pain with light activities of daily living, intermitten pain at rest; Phase 7: Constant pain at rest, disrupts sleep. | Median | Full Range | Scores on a scale |
|
| PRTEE (Patient rated tennis elbow evaluation) | PRTEE is a 15-item questionnaire designed tomeasure the forearm pain and disability in patients with LET. PRTEE allows patients to rate their levels of elbow pain and disability from 0 to 10 and consists of 2 subscales: 1) Pain subscale [5 items] (0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable) 2) Function subscale [Specific activities - 6 items, Usual activities - 4 items] (0 = no difficulty, 10 = unable to do). A total score can be computed on a scale of 100 (0 = no disability). | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | units on a scale |
|
| OG001 | Sham Taping | Sham taping without using any techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises Sham taping: Sham taping will be performed without using any technique Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. |
| OG002 | Control | Stretching and strengthening exercises of wrist Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. . |
|
|
|
| Secondary | The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (QuickDash) | The patients will be requested to score from 1 to 5 points any difficulty experienced during different daily activities related to the upper extremity. Test has 1 module of compulsory items and two optional modules: work module (4 items) and sport/performing arts module (4 items). Scores range from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate more disability. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 0. week (Baseline), 2. week (After Treatment), 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Rest | Pain on lateral epicondyle at rest during the day was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS 0-10 cm). Higher score indicates more pain. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Daily Activity | Pain on lateral epicondyle during daily activity was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS 0-10 cm). Higher score indicates more pain. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at Night | Pain on lateral epicondyle at night was evaluated with the visual analog scale (VAS 0-10 cm). Higher score indicates more pain. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 0. week (Baseline), 2. week (After Treatment), 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Painless Grip Strength | Grip strength will be measured using a hand held dynamometer (JAMAR, Sammons Preston, Inc., Bolingbrook, IL). Patients will be asked to grip the dynamometer until (s)he feel pain in elbow. Three evaluations will be made with resting periods in between and average scores will be recorded. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | kg | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Grip Strength | Grip strength will be measured using a hand held dynamometer (JAMAR, Sammons Preston, Inc., Bolingbrook, IL). Patients will be asked to grip with maximum strength. Three evaluations will be made with resting periods in between and average scores will be recorded. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | kg | 0. week (Baseline), Immediate Effect (right after first taping in KT and sham taping groups), 2. week (After Treatment) and 6. week (4 weeks After Treatment) |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 11 |
| 0 |
| 11 |
| 0 |
| 11 |
| EG001 | Sham Taping | Sham taping without using any techniques every 3 days for 2 weeks in addition to exercises Sham taping: Sham taping will be performed without using any technique Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. No adverse effect occured. | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 11 |
| EG002 | Control | Stretching and strengthening exercises of wrist Exercise: Stretching exercises of wrist 30 seconds to one minute, twice a day and strengthening exercises will performed be 10 repetitions in 2 or 3 series. No adverse effect occured. | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
|
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| D000092464 |
| Elbow Injuries |
| D001134 | Arm Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D013708 | Tendon Injuries |
|
| 4 weeks After Treatmentt |
|
| 0.282 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.015 | Superiority |
| Comparison of Before Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.677 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Before Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.344 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Before Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.596 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.161 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.257 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.449 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.013 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.019 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.325 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.003 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.323 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.641 | Superiority |
|
| After Treatment |
|
| 4 weeks After Treatment |
|
| 0.227 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.012 | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.907 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.482 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.485 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.129 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.12 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.935 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.002 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.036 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.056 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.016 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.618 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.48 | Superiority |
| Comparison of immediate effect between groups | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.034 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.041 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 1 | Superiority |
|
| After Treatment |
|
| 4 weeks After Treatment |
|
| 0.002 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.008 | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.76 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 1 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.056 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.002 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.12 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.117 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.006 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.013 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.487 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.002 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.102 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.165 | Superiority |
| Comparison of immediate effect between groups | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.007 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.028 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.83 | Superiority |
|
| 4 weeks After Treatment |
|
| 0.215 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.078 | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.699 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.846 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.56 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.087 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.183 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.719 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.023 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.196 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.318 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.001 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.483 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.004 | Superiority |
|
| After Treatment |
|
| 4 weeks After Treatment |
|
| 0.325 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.172 | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.622 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.909 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.79 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.24 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.161 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.909 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.255 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.058 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.569 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.007 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.614 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.072 | Superiority |
| Comparison of immediate effect between groups | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.447 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.084 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.235 | Superiority |
|
| After Treatment |
|
| 4 weeks After Treatment |
|
| 0.597 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.518 | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.88 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.733 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of Baseline Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 1 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.404 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.97 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.362 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.271 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.519 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Comparison of 4 week After Treatment Values | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | p<0.017 is significant | 0.569 | p-value is adjusted for multiple comparisons | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.004 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.973 | Superiority |
| Friedman's two-way analysis of variance | 0.886 | Superiority |
| Comparison of immediate effect between groups | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | 0.82 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.017 | Superiority |
| Immediate effect compared to baseline | Kruskal-Wallis | 0.734 | Superiority |