We conclude that the doses we administered were safe, but too low. We plan to continue the study with higher doses (0.1 mg/kg iv and 0.2 mg/kg intranasal).

To assess pharmacokinetics parameters for nalbuphine after intravenous and intranasal administration in infants. Also effect on pain score: Neonatal Infant Pain Score (NIPS) and safety will be evaluated with summary of Adverse Events.

Inclusion criteria are: Infants 29 days-3 months, minimum Body weight 3.0 kg, Indications: septical work up.

Exclusion criteria are: Infants who were born prematurely (before 37 weeks gestation), known kidney or liver disease, known chronic illness.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Infants 29 days-3 months
• Minimum Body weight 3.0 kg
• Indications: septical work up
• Parent has been informed about the study and has signed Informed Consent Form

Exclusion Criteria:

• Infants who were born prematurely (before 37 weeks gestation)
• Known kidney or liver disease
• Known chronic illness
• Documented previous adverse reaction to nalbuphine
• Treatment with a depressant drug within 5 days prior to study
• Epistaxis, nose trauma (only for the intranasal application)
• Barriere of language

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