Not provided
| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R21DA041531 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) | NIH |
| Claremont McKenna College | OTHER |
| Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University | OTHER |
| Southern Methodist University |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The purpose of the current proposal is to investigate the extent to which interventions designed to improve cognitive (working memory) and emotional (distress tolerance) regulatory processes enhance the effectiveness of standard no-smoking informational interventions. Emotional and cognitive dysregulation increases the likelihood of smoking and makes it particularly challenging to benefit from standard interventions. Working memory and associated deficits make it more difficult for individuals to utilize information from interventions, make judicious decisions regarding the cost and benefits of smoking, and to resist targeted advertising. In addition, disruptions in emotion regulatory capacities increase the probability of using cigarettes as a coping mechanism to self-regulate negative affect and stress. Individuals with affective disturbances smoke at higher rates and have more difficulties quitting, and are more likely to smoke as a way to reduce negative affect. The goal of the current project is to generate new insights and new approaches to smoking prevention among low-SES youth by investigating (1) the influence of known SES-related deficits in working memory and affect regulation on proximal measures of smoking risk, and (2) the potential for targeted interventions to reverse these risks. Specifically, the investigators examine the influence of working memory training and distress tolerance (mindfulness) interventions on cognitive/affective targets placing individuals at risk for smoking initiation and maintenance.
The specific aims of this study are therefore to investigate:
Overview. The investigators are targeting a high-risk (low SES adolescents) population at a highly relevant period (high school) for smoking onset. The study design calls for block randomization of 150 non-smoking adolescents to one of three intervention conditions: (1) a control condition offering health education combined with a smoking prevention informational intervention (C+SPII), (2) a Working Memory intervention delivered prior to a smoking prevention informational intervention (WM+SPII), (3) a Distress Tolerance Intervention delivered prior to a smoking prevention informational intervention (DT+SPII). Smoking risk proximal outcomes are assessed by smoking propensity self-report, delay discounting, and implicit associations to smoking; smoking behavior is assessed at one-month follow-up.
Research material will consist of participant self-report of smoking, peer smoking, and parental smoking as well as self-report of personality characteristics (e.g. sensation seeking) that are associated with risk behaviors. Biological data (from exhalations) is also sampled for analysis of CO, to confirm non-smoking status.
Location of Interventions:
At this writing, the investigators are awaiting funding confirmation to decide among three options for how we will provide the interventions at the high school. The investigators have thought through and planned for the following three possibilities: (1) a school-time intervention in selected classroom space specific to the randomized intervention, (2) an afterschool intervention in open classroom space, and (3) an afterschool intervention in a community center. The investigators prefer these options in descending order (1 to 3), but final negotiation of space is pending their ability to confirm with the sites that the investigators will indeed do the project (have obtained funding). For example, as noted in the application, "the headmaster of Fenway High School, Peggy Kemp, is extremely supportive of our work, and plans to provide both institutional and social support in our endeavor." In the investigators' meetings with her, she suggested that the investigators try to provide the intervention during the school week; noting that these interventions fit the instructional demands for either the home room or PE time. Use of these in-school instructional slots would require approval of the school superintendent, but the process of obtaining such approval necessarily awaits confirmation of funding. The letters of support the investigators have obtained documents that if they are unable to realize option #1 or option #2, they can still realize this project demands by utilizing option #3.
Interventions: Participants will be randomized (using a random number table utilizing variable block sizes) to 1 of 3 study conditions according to two block randomization factors: sex and parental smoking status. Each intervention is to be delivered over eight consecutive weeks. Interventions are to be led by the Project Director, Dr. Eugenia Gorlin, with ongoing supervision from Drs. Otto and Doan. All interventions will be delivered in groups. Each of the study interventions is to be delivered twice a week over eight consecutive weeks. The school year for the targeted high school students lends itself to 8 waves of intervention. With 30 individuals per wave (randomized to 10 in each intervention for any given wave), the investigators anticipate achieving our full subject pool in 5 waves. Group nesting will be accounted for in the analytic plan.
The Smoking Prevention Informational Intervention (SPII) will be common to all randomized conditions in the study. The investigators selected the intervention from brief primary-care based interventions which followed the National Institutes of Health U.S. Public Health Service Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline. Youth will be provided with age-appropriate education on the norms and health consequences of smoking, affirmation of their non-smoking status, and help in developing a personalized strategy to maintain abstinence. Additionally, the investigators will incorporate a motivational interviewing component. Many of these elements are consistent with elements used in the youth MI program for adolescent smokers by Colby et al. (2005). The investigators will further incorporate into the SPII intervention Colby and associates' guided imagery about future smoking/non-smoking life status, and the initiation of our group sessions with open-ended exploration of the perceived likes and dislikes about smoking, and, during 4 sessions, provision of videotaped vignettes developed by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to stimulate discussion on four content areas: health effects, social consequences, addiction, and financial cost. The SPII will be delivered following each of the 3 specific intervention conditions described in the "Study Arms" section.
All of the groups will have 8 weeks of training sessions, with sessions scheduled twice per week and each lasting up to 1 hour. Snacks will be served at these training sessions. In addition, participants will be asked to practice class skills (e.g., 20 min of practice 3 times a week) outside of these sessions for approximately 1 hour per week (for the memory program, this includes scheduling time in the computer room provided for this study).
Data Analysis Overview:
The following data analytic procedures are planned as of the current writing, but may be modified to incorporate new, more rigorous statistical modeling approaches as they become available.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distress Tolerance Intervention | Experimental | For the Distress Tolerance Intervention, the investigators will use a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program that has been adapted for use with adolescents. This version of MBSR follows closely the original conceptualization developed by Kabat-Zinn. The focus is on formal and informal mindfulness practices, which encourage participants to foster intention, attention and attitude. The investigators will make slight modifications to the delivery of the MBSR intervention to take into account the developmental period of their participants (e.g., attention span) to encourage retention and increase relevancy. These changes will also allow the investigators to match the duration with their Working Memory Intervention. |
|
| Working Memory Intervention | Experimental | For the working memory training, the investigators will use the Cogmed RM program. Participants will be asked to use the program, while supervised twice a week, each time for an hour, for 8 weeks. Participants will also be asked to use the program on the other days for 25-35 minutes. The program resembles a video game, and comprises several different "games" that require visuo-spatial working memory (remembering the position of objects) and a combination of verbal and visual working memory (remembering phonemes, letters, and digits). The program adapts to the user's performance, such that trainees are able to perform at the limit of their ability, stimulating WM capacity adaptation. |
|
| Control Informational Intervention | Active Comparator | This Control Informational Intervention has been used in the investigators' and other's previous studies. In the current application, it will match the session time of the Distress Tolerance and Working Memory interventions and will omit a focus on smoking (which is specific to the SPII intervention provided across all interventions), and will consist of discussions of a variety of healthy lifestyle topics, such as healthy eating, stress/time management, and recommended health screenings. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distress Tolerance Intervention | Behavioral | See arm/group description. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Specific Aim 1: Percentage of Participants Who Attended 13 or More Interventions | Feasibility/acceptability of each intervention (indexed by attendance of at least 80% of interventions by 70% of the randomized sample) will be assessed. | Intervention (week 1 to week 8) |
| Specific Aim 2: Working Memory Capacity | Assessment includes three computer-administered WM performance measures (N-back, Auditory Digit Span, and Corsi Block Tapping task) which are z-scored and aggregated to create a single WM index.The Working Memory Capacity Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population and higher scores reflecting greater capacity. | 1 Week |
| Specific Aim 2: Distress Tolerance | Distress Tolerance (DT) assessment includes the Distress Intolerance Index (DII) and the computerized Mirror-Tracing Persistence Task (MTPT-C) which are z-scored and aggregated to form a single DT index.The Distress Tolerance Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population and with higher scores reflecting worse tolerance. | 1 Week |
| Specific Aim 3: Smoking Risk (Standard Smoking Assessment) | The Standard Smoking Assessment is one of 3 assessments of smoking risk along with the B-IAT and the Delay Discounting task. Reported here are the results from the SSA, a 5-item scale asking about attitudes and likelihood of smoking with total scores ranging from 0 (no susceptibility) to 11 (highest susceptibility). The natural log of these scores are reported, with higher scores indicating higher susceptibility. |
Not provided
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Michael W Otto, Ph.D. | Boston University | Principal Investigator |
| Stacey Doan, Ph.D. | Claremont McKenna College | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston University | Boston | Massachusetts | 02215 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29655859 | Background | Otto MW, Gorlin EI, Rosenfield D, Patten EA, Bickel WK, Zvolensky MJ, Doan SN. Rescuing cognitive and emotional regulatory skills to aid smoking prevention in at-risk youth: A randomized trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2018 Jul;70:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.04.005. Epub 2018 Apr 12. | |
| 31918169 | Background | Otto MW, Rosenfield D, Gorlin EI, Hoyt DL, Patten EA, Bickel WK, Zvolensky MJ, Doan SN. Targeting cognitive and emotional regulatory skills for smoking prevention in low-SES youth: A randomized trial of mindfulness and working memory interventions. Addict Behav. 2020 May;104:106262. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106262. Epub 2019 Dec 24. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Of 124 consented individuals, 108 were randomized and attended at least 1 session.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Working Memory Intervention | Participants were asked to use the CogMed RM program, while supervised twice a week, each time for an hour, for 8 weeks. Participants were also asked to use the program on the other days for 25-35 minutes. The program resembles a video game, and comprises several different "games" that require visuo-spatial working memory (remembering the position of objects) and a combination of verbal and visual working memory (remembering phonemes, letters, and digits). The program adapts to the user's performance, such that trainees are able to perform at the limit of their ability, stimulating WM capacity adaptation. |
| FG001 | Control Informational Intervention | This Control Informational Intervention has been used in the investigators' and other's previous studies. In this application, it matched the session time of the Distress Tolerance and Working Memory interventions and omitted a focus on smoking (which is specific to the SPII intervention provided across all interventions), and will consist of discussions of a variety of healthy lifestyle topics, such as healthy eating, stress/time management, and recommended health screenings. |
| FG002 | Distress Tolerance Intervention | For the Distress Tolerance Intervention, the investigators used a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program that has been adapted for use with adolescents. This version of MBSR follows closely the original conceptualization developed by Kabat-Zinn. The focus is on formal and informal mindfulness practices, which encourage participants to foster intention, attention and attitude. The investigators made slight modifications to the delivery of the MBSR intervention to take into account the developmental period of their participants (e.g., attention span) to encourage retention and increase relevancy. These changes allow the investigators to match the duration with their Working Memory Intervention. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Working Memory Intervention | Participants were asked to use the CogMed RM program, while supervised twice a week, each time for an hour, for 8 weeks. Participants were also asked to use the program on the other days for 25-35 minutes. The program resembles a video game, and comprises several different "games" that require visuo-spatial working memory (remembering the position of objects) and a combination of verbal and visual working memory (remembering phonemes, letters, and digits). The program adapts to the user's performance, such that trainees are able to perform at the limit of their ability, stimulating WM capacity adaptation. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Specific Aim 1: Percentage of Participants Who Attended 13 or More Interventions | Feasibility/acceptability of each intervention (indexed by attendance of at least 80% of interventions by 70% of the randomized sample) will be assessed. | Percentage of individuals who attended at least 80% of interventions reported. | Posted | Number | percentage of participants | Intervention (week 1 to week 8) |
|
1 Week
All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other [Not Including Serious] Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Distress Tolerance Intervention | For the Distress Tolerance Intervention, the investigators will use a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program that has been adapted for use with adolescents. This version of MBSR follows closely the original conceptualization developed by Kabat-Zinn. The focus is on formal and informal mindfulness practices, which encourage participants to foster intention, attention and attitude. The investigators will make slight modifications to the delivery of the MBSR intervention to take into account the developmental period of their participants (e.g., attention span) to encourage retention and increase relevancy. These changes will also allow the investigators to match the duration with their Working Memory Intervention. Distress Tolerance Intervention: See arm/group description. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Michael Otto | Boston University Charles River Campus | 617-353-9610 | mwotto@bu.edu |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jun 15, 2015 | Jul 22, 2019 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 16, 2019 | Jul 22, 2019 | SAP_001.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073869 | Tobacco Smoking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012907 | Smoking |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D064424 | Tobacco Use |
Not provided
Not provided
| OTHER |
| University of Houston | OTHER |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Working Memory Intervention | Behavioral | See arm/group description. |
|
| Control Informational Intervention | Behavioral | See arm/group description. |
|
| 1 Week |
| Specific Aim 3: Smoking Risk (B-IAT) | The brief Implicit Attitudes Test is one of 3 assessments of smoking risk along with the Delay Discounting task and the SSA. Reported here are the d-scores from the B-IAT task. Participants sorted stimuli into "positive" or "negative" categories in 4 blocks--2 of which included "Smoking" and "I feel positive," the other 2 including "Smoking" and "I feel negative." Shorter response times when sorting "Smoking--Positive" versus "Smoking--Negative" blocks indicate implicit tendency to associate "smoking" with "positive." Standardized difference scores (d-scores) were computed using the improved scoring algorithm recommended by prior research (Greenwald, Banaji, & Nosek, 2003). Higher d-scores indicate less positive implicit attitudes towards smoking. | 1 Week |
| Specific Aim 3: Smoking Risk (Delay Discounting Task) | The Delay Discounting task is one of 3 assessments of smoking risk along with the B-IAT and SSA. It includes a series of computerized decisions in which participants select a money award immediately or a larger award in 7, 14, or 30 days time. Participants were notified that they would be paid the amount selected on one randomly selected trial. K-values were submitted for analyses with higher scores representing great discounting of delayed rewards, meaning that higher scores reflect greater tendency to select the immediate award. Natural logs of K-values were used if K-values showed a large amount of skew. Reported here are the natural logs of k-values from the delay discounting task. Natural logs are used to reduce skew of k-values. | 1 Week |
| Specific Aim 4: Actual Smoking Status | The piCO Smokerlyzer is a tool used to assess amount of carbon monoxide exhaled by a participant, with scores ranging from 0 to 150 parts per million (PPM), with scores under 3 indicating non-smoking and scores over 36 indicating very heavy addiction. The Timeline Follow Back is a self-report measure in which participants report the amount of cigarettes smoked each day for the last month. Mean proportions of smokers are reported (0=no smoking, 1=smoking) with smoking behaviors assessed via the piCO Smokerlyzer and the Timeline Follow Back. | 1 Week |
| BG001 | Control Informational Intervention | This Control Informational Intervention has been used in the investigators' and other's previous studies. In this application, it matched the session time of the Distress Tolerance and Working Memory interventions and omitted a focus on smoking (which is specific to the SPII intervention provided across all interventions), and will consist of discussions of a variety of healthy lifestyle topics, such as healthy eating, stress/time management, and recommended health screenings. |
| BG002 | Distress Tolerance Intervention | For the Distress Tolerance Intervention, the investigators used a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program that has been adapted for use with adolescents. This version of MBSR follows closely the original conceptualization developed by Kabat-Zinn. The focus is on formal and informal mindfulness practices, which encourage participants to foster intention, attention and attitude. The investigators made slight modifications to the delivery of the MBSR intervention to take into account the developmental period of their participants (e.g., attention span) to encourage retention and increase relevancy. These changes allow the investigators to match the duration with their Working Memory Intervention. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Distress Tolerance | Distress Tolerance (DT) assessment includes the Distress Intolerance Index (DII) and the computerized Mirror-Tracing Persistence Task (MTPT-C) which are z-scored and aggregated to form a single DT index.The Distress Tolerance Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population and with higher scores reflecting worse tolerance. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Mean | Standard Deviation | z-score |
|
| Smoking Susceptibility Assessment (SSA) | Assessed with a 5-item scale asking about attitudes and likelihood of smoking with total scores ranging from 0 (no susceptibility) to 11 (highest susceptibility). The natural log of these scores are reported, with higher scores indicating higher susceptibility. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Natural Log of Scores on a Scale |
|
| Smoking Brief Implicit Association Test (B-IAT) | Participants sorted stimuli into "positive" or "negative" categories in 4 blocks--2 of which included "Smoking" and "I feel positive," the other 2 including "Smoking" and "I feel negative." Shorter response times when sorting "Smoking--Positive" versus "Smoking--Negative" blocks indicate implicit tendency to associate "smoking" with "positive." Standardized difference scores (d-scores) were computed using the improved scoring algorithm recommended by prior research (Greenwald, Banaji, & Nosek, 2003). Higher d-scores indicate less positive implicit attitudes towards smoking. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Standardized Difference Scores |
|
| Delay Discounting task | Assessment includes a series of computerized decisions in which participants select a money award immediately or a larger award in 7, 14, or 30 days time. Participants were notified that they would be paid the amount selected on one randomly selected trial. K-values were submitted for analyses with higher scores representing great discounting of delayed rewards, meaning that higher scores reflect greater tendency to select the immediate award. Natural logs of K-values were used if K-values showed a large amount of skew. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Natural log of k-value |
|
| Work Memory Capacity | Assessment includes three computer-administered WM performance measures (N-back, Auditory Digit Span, and Corsi Block Tapping task) which are z-scored and aggregated to create a single WM index.The Working Memory Capacity Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population and higher scores reflecting greater capacity. | Mean | Standard Deviation | z-score |
|
| Actual Smoking Status | The piCO Smokerlyzer is a tool used to assess amount of carbon monoxide exhaled by a participant, with scores ranging from 0 to 150 parts per million (PPM), with scores under 3 indicating non-smoking and scores over 36 indicating very heavy addiction. The Timeline Follow Back is a self-report measure in which participants report the amount of cigarettes smoked each day for the last month. Mean proportions of smokers are reported (0=no smoking, 1=smoking) with smoking behaviors assessed via the piCO Smokerlyzer and the Timeline Follow Back. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Proportions of Smokers |
|
| OG001 | Control Informational Intervention | This Control Informational Intervention has been used in the investigators' and other's previous studies. In this application, it matched the session time of the Distress Tolerance and Working Memory interventions and omitted a focus on smoking (which is specific to the SPII intervention provided across all interventions), and will consist of discussions of a variety of healthy lifestyle topics, such as healthy eating, stress/time management, and recommended health screenings. |
| OG002 | Distress Tolerance Intervention | For the Distress Tolerance Intervention, the investigators used a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program that has been adapted for use with adolescents. This version of MBSR follows closely the original conceptualization developed by Kabat-Zinn. The focus is on formal and informal mindfulness practices, which encourage participants to foster intention, attention and attitude. The investigators made slight modifications to the delivery of the MBSR intervention to take into account the developmental period of their participants (e.g., attention span) to encourage retention and increase relevancy. These changes allow the investigators to match the duration with their Working Memory Intervention. |
|
|
| Primary | Specific Aim 2: Working Memory Capacity | Assessment includes three computer-administered WM performance measures (N-back, Auditory Digit Span, and Corsi Block Tapping task) which are z-scored and aggregated to create a single WM index.The Working Memory Capacity Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population and higher scores reflecting greater capacity. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | z-score | 1 Week |
|
|
|
| Primary | Specific Aim 2: Distress Tolerance | Distress Tolerance (DT) assessment includes the Distress Intolerance Index (DII) and the computerized Mirror-Tracing Persistence Task (MTPT-C) which are z-scored and aggregated to form a single DT index.The Distress Tolerance Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched children). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population and with higher scores reflecting worse tolerance. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | z-score | 1 Week |
|
|
|
| Primary | Specific Aim 3: Smoking Risk (Standard Smoking Assessment) | The Standard Smoking Assessment is one of 3 assessments of smoking risk along with the B-IAT and the Delay Discounting task. Reported here are the results from the SSA, a 5-item scale asking about attitudes and likelihood of smoking with total scores ranging from 0 (no susceptibility) to 11 (highest susceptibility). The natural log of these scores are reported, with higher scores indicating higher susceptibility. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | natural log of units on a scale | 1 Week |
|
|
|
| Primary | Specific Aim 3: Smoking Risk (B-IAT) | The brief Implicit Attitudes Test is one of 3 assessments of smoking risk along with the Delay Discounting task and the SSA. Reported here are the d-scores from the B-IAT task. Participants sorted stimuli into "positive" or "negative" categories in 4 blocks--2 of which included "Smoking" and "I feel positive," the other 2 including "Smoking" and "I feel negative." Shorter response times when sorting "Smoking--Positive" versus "Smoking--Negative" blocks indicate implicit tendency to associate "smoking" with "positive." Standardized difference scores (d-scores) were computed using the improved scoring algorithm recommended by prior research (Greenwald, Banaji, & Nosek, 2003). Higher d-scores indicate less positive implicit attitudes towards smoking. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Standardized Difference Scores | 1 Week |
|
|
|
| Primary | Specific Aim 3: Smoking Risk (Delay Discounting Task) | The Delay Discounting task is one of 3 assessments of smoking risk along with the B-IAT and SSA. It includes a series of computerized decisions in which participants select a money award immediately or a larger award in 7, 14, or 30 days time. Participants were notified that they would be paid the amount selected on one randomly selected trial. K-values were submitted for analyses with higher scores representing great discounting of delayed rewards, meaning that higher scores reflect greater tendency to select the immediate award. Natural logs of K-values were used if K-values showed a large amount of skew. Reported here are the natural logs of k-values from the delay discounting task. Natural logs are used to reduce skew of k-values. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | natural log of k-values | 1 Week |
|
|
|
| Primary | Specific Aim 4: Actual Smoking Status | The piCO Smokerlyzer is a tool used to assess amount of carbon monoxide exhaled by a participant, with scores ranging from 0 to 150 parts per million (PPM), with scores under 3 indicating non-smoking and scores over 36 indicating very heavy addiction. The Timeline Follow Back is a self-report measure in which participants report the amount of cigarettes smoked each day for the last month. Mean proportions of smokers are reported (0=no smoking, 1=smoking) with smoking behaviors assessed via the piCO Smokerlyzer and the Timeline Follow Back. | Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables in the model. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Proportion of Smokers | 1 Week |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| EG001 | Working Memory Intervention | For the working memory training, the investigators will use the Cogmed RM program. Participants will be asked to use the program, while supervised twice a week, each time for an hour, for 8 weeks. Participants will also be asked to use the program on the other days for 25-35 minutes. The program resembles a video game, and comprises several different "games" that require visuo-spatial working memory (remembering the position of objects) and a combination of verbal and visual working memory (remembering phonemes, letters, and digits). The program adapts to the user's performance, such that trainees are able to perform at the limit of their ability, stimulating WM capacity adaptation. Working Memory Intervention: See arm/group description. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG002 | Control Informational Intervention | This Control Informational Intervention has been used in the investigators' and other's previous studies. In the current application, it will match the session time of the Distress Tolerance and Working Memory interventions and will omit a focus on smoking (which is specific to the SPII intervention provided across all interventions), and will consist of discussions of a variety of healthy lifestyle topics, such as healthy eating, stress/time management, and recommended health screenings. Control Informational Intervention: See arm/group description. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Not provided
Not provided
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
| Male |
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|